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Fall 2018 > Geology 101 Quiz 12 > Flashcards

Geology 101 Quiz 12 Flashcards

1
Q

? are the primary mechanism by which eroded materials are carried off the continent and out to sea

A

rivers

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2
Q

geologists estimate that ? of the continent is eroded and carried off in rivers each year; at this rate, the continents would be flat in ? years

A

0.03mm; 100 million

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3
Q

the continents are not flat because processes are at work that

A

continually lift land masses higher, such as collisions between plates

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4
Q

streams generally get (smaller/larger) downstream

A

larger

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5
Q

streams grow larger due to contributions from

A

tributaries and base flow

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6
Q

tributaries

A

smaller streams that discharge into a larger stream

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7
Q

base flow

A

groundwater discharge into the stream

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8
Q

when a mountain stream flows out into a desert, water is lost by

A

evaporation and by seepage out to the groundwater

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9
Q

streams can lose water when flower over a

A

cave opening

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10
Q

water (does/does not) travel at the same speed in a stream

A

does not

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11
Q

the fastest moving water in a gently flowing stream will be found near the ? and ? of the stream

A

top and center

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12
Q

if the stream bends, the momentum of water will carry the faster water (closer to/furthest from) the outer bank

A

closer to

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13
Q

natures of flow

A

laminar vs turbulent

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14
Q

laminar

A

smooth flow; flow lines travel parallel to each other

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15
Q

which type of flow is typical of groundwater flow, and very shallow, very slow moving streams?

A

laminar

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16
Q

turbulent

A

rough, tumbling flow; flow lines cross each other’s path

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17
Q

which type of flow is typical of nearly all streams, especially in rapids?

A

turbulent

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18
Q

erosion is more more rapid when stream flow is ? because

A

turbulent because the turbulence helps scoop sediment from the sides and bottom to keep particles suspended

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19
Q

five types of sediment transport

A

suspended load, bed load, saltation, capacity, competence

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20
Q

suspended load

A

sediment held in suspension by turbulent flow

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21
Q

bed load

A

sediments traveling along the bottom

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22
Q

saltation

A

lifting and settling of larger particles along the bottom

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23
Q

capacity

A

total sediment load

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24
Q

competence

A

ability of stream to carry particles of a particular size

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25
Q

a small, clear mountain stream will have a ? competence and ? capacity

A

high competence/low capacity (fast water can carry large particles but small total sediment load)

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26
Q

a large, muddy stream like the Mississippi River will have a ? competence and ? capacity

A

low competence/high capacity

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27
Q

bedforms

A

shaped sediments on stream bottom

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28
Q

bedforms: slow, laminar flow produces

A

no bedforms

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29
Q

bedforms: slow, turbulent flow produces

A

ripples

30
Q

bedforms: fast, turbulent flow produces

A

dunes (essentially oversized ripples)

31
Q

bedforms: faster flow produces

A

dunes with ripples

32
Q

bedforms: very fast flow produces

A

no bedforms (strips sediments away)

33
Q

straight stream

A

streams formed in steep terrain or structurally controlled

34
Q

structural control means that the stream follows

A

fault lines or fracture patterns

35
Q

are straight streams entirely straight?

A

no

36
Q

meandering stream

A

forms large, continuously migrating loops

37
Q

what kind of streams are common in flat terrain?

A

meandering

38
Q

classic example of a meandering stream

A

Mississippi River

39
Q

braided stream

A

stream divides into multiple channels and rejoins

40
Q

what kind of streams are common in regions with flat areas and large variations in stream flow?

A

braided

41
Q

antecedent stream

A

a stream that cuts through a mountain range or ridge

42
Q

if a stream is present before uplift starts, and the stream erodes faster than uplift occurs, then the stream will

A

continue to flow and keep its channel open as the ridge grows around it

43
Q

if uplift is faster than stream erosion, the stream will

A

be forced to go around the rising ridge

44
Q

essentially, if the stream predates uplift, it will ?; and if the stream is formed after uplift, it will ?

A

cut through; go around

45
Q

lateral migration: streams migrate laterally because

A

they tend to erode on the outside of a bend, where the water moves faster, and deposit sediment on the inside of the bend where the water slows down

46
Q

oxbow lake

A

abandoned meander loop

47
Q

vertical migration: stream channels can migrate both

A

up and down

48
Q

? provide a good example of both downward and upward migration of a stream channel

A

mountains in arid climates

49
Q

erosion on the mountain side results in a

A

downward migration of the river

50
Q

the build up of sediment at the base of the mountains is called an

A

alluvial fan

51
Q

floodplain

A

flat region next to a stream created by flood deposits

52
Q

why is everything coated with mud after a flood?

A

the water spilling over the banks spreads out and slows down, so sediment settles out

53
Q

the size of a floodplain is determined by

A

the size of the stream and the terrain

54
Q

a steep sided canyon contains flood waters and results in a ? floodplain

A

narrow

55
Q

in areas with ? (not much change in elevation), floodwaters from a large river can spread for miles

A

low relief

56
Q

levees

A

ridge running parallel to stream on either side

57
Q

levees form during

A

flooding

58
Q

terraced floodplains

A

multiple floodplains at different elevations

59
Q

terraced floodplains are evidence of

A

sporadic uplift

60
Q

when uplift occurs, a stream becomes steeper, and thus faster; faster moving water erodes the underlying rock or sediment and the stream downcuts; floodwater cannot spread as far, and a ? floodplain results

A

narrower

61
Q

flood frequency

A

how often floods of different magnitudes occur

62
Q

recurrence interval

A

the average number of years between events of a specific magnitude (the height reached by flood waters)

63
Q

probability

A

the chance that a flood of certain magnitude will occur in a given year

64
Q

probability equation for flooding

A

P = 100% / Recurrence Interval

65
Q

the probability that a 50 year flood will occur this year is

A

100% / 50 = 2%

66
Q

delta

A

outward growth of land where a stream discharges into quiet waters of a lake or sea

67
Q

when a stream reaches the delta, it will often diverse into several smaller streams flowing out into open water; these smaller streams are called

A

distributaries because they distribute the water

68
Q

? along the Mississippi River have prevented floods and allowed land to be put to agricultural, industrial, and domestic use in areas that used to be flooded

A

the levees

69
Q

subsidence: under normal conditions, periodic flooding deposits sediments on the floodplain; the added weight of the sediment causes the crust to sink down into the mantle, but new sediment ?

A

counteracts the elevation loss to keep gaining ground

70
Q

increased risk of catastrophic flooding: any flood that breaches the levee will ?

A

suddenly change the course of the river, taking it on a much shorter and more direct route to the Gulf

71
Q

where is the increased flooding concern?

A

the higher the levees, the more water being held in the river at flood stage, so any flood that successfully breaches these levees will release an immense volume of water with devastating force

Fall 2018 (24 decks)

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