Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2018 > Geology 101 Quiz 11 > Flashcards

Geology 101 Quiz 11 Flashcards

1
Q

water and weathering

A

water makes dissolution possible, expanding ice widens cracks, and glaciers can pluck boulders from mountain sides and pulverize them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

water and erosion

A

rivers and glaciers transport weathered rock great distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

water and rock formation: igneous rock

A

water lowers the melting temperature and influences the rate of crystal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

water and rock formation: metamorphic rock

A

water facilitates exchange with dissolved ions (hydrothermal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

water and rock formation: sedimentary rock

A

water transports dissolved and particulate minerals, and creates depositional environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

water and volcanism

A

water affects viscosity of magma and gas pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

water and slope stability

A

water usually decreases the stability of a slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

life is possible in large because

A

water is liquid in the 0-100*C temperature range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

unique properties of water

A
  1. melting-boiling temperatures 0-100*C
  2. polar molecule
  3. solid water is less dense than liquid water
  4. unusually high heat capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

water has a ? structure; its peculiar shape results in ?

A

bent; a negative and positive side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the polar nature of water results in

A
  1. dissolution and transport of ions
  2. creation of surface tension
  3. attraction to sediment particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the polar nature of water and its dissolution and transport of ions means water

A

increases weathering and assists in moving nutrients in and wastes out of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the polar nature of water and the creation of surface tension means water

A

reduces evaporation rates and creates an entire habitat for surface organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the polar nature of water and its attraction to sediment particles means water

A

makes sediment particles stick together and causes capillary rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

many nutrients and waste products in organisms are ions, which means they are

A

easily dissolved and transported into and out of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

non-polar liquids like gasoline are good at dissolving ?, but not very good at dissolving ?

A

uncharged organic molecules; charged ions found in minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

polarity creates surface tension because

A

the negative and positive sides of water molecules align to form weak bonds at the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

one good thing that comes from surface tension is that evaporation is slower - why?

A

water has to break free from the surface tension to pass into the vapor phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

one good thing that comes from surface tension is that water striders can be water striders - how?

A

surface tension will support the weight of dense objects that will sink if they break through the surface tension; water striders take advantage of surface tension to walk on water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

capillary rise

A

water is drawn upward into unsaturated sediments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where groundwater is shallow, roots can get water delivered by ? even if the roots do not extend to the water table

A

capillary rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ice is less dense than water, and therefore floats, because of

A

the particular arrangement of water molecules in ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

water has an unusually high heat capacity, meaning

A

it takes more heat energy to raise the temperature of water compared to other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the heat capacity of water plays an important role in

A

climate control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

over large bodies of water, heat exchange between the air and water changes the temperature of the ? more

A

air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

only about ? of the earth’s water supply is available to drink, and most of this is sitting underground

A

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

despite contamination, we still have water to drink because

A

water on earth does not exist in a static condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

water is continuously cycled and purified through what is called the

A

hydrologic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

hydrologic cycle steps

A

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

transpiration

A

transfer of water to the atmosphere through leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

if water filled plant cells and stopped, the flow of nutrients would stop - what keeps the water flowing through the plant?

A

transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

does water vapor automatically precipitate?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

for precipitation, conditions in the atmosphere have to change to cause the water vapor to condense - this generally happens by

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

there are three common ways an air mass gets cooled, but all have to do with

A

the air cooling as it expands (as an air mass rises, it expands)

35
Q

what are the three common ways an air mass gets cooled?

A
  1. orographic lifting
  2. frontal lifting
  3. convective lifting
36
Q

orographic lifting

A

caused by an air flow over mountains

37
Q

rain shadow

A

dry region on downward side of mountain range because air rising on the upwind side rains out as it rises; as air travels down the far side, it compresses and warms so no more water condenses

38
Q

frontal lifting

A

caused by moving cold or warm fronts

39
Q

cold front

A

cold air is more dense, so it ploughs its way underneath warmer air in front of it; as the warmer air rises, it expands, cools, and precipitates

40
Q

warm front

A

warm air is less dense, so it slides up over the top of the colder air in front of it; as the warmer air rises, it expands, cools, and precipitates

41
Q

convective lifting

A

caused by heating air near the ground

42
Q

convective lifting is often associated with

A

cities where building and pavement absorb sunlight and radiate it out as heat

43
Q

water that stays in the ground is known as

A

groundwater

44
Q

groundwater can be divided into two regions

A

the saturated zone and the unsaturated zone

45
Q

unsaturated zone

A

contains air and water in pores (a well in the unsaturated zone will be dry)

46
Q

saturated zone

A

pores are completely filled with water (a well completed in the saturated zone will fill with water)

47
Q

water table

A

top of unconfined saturated zone

48
Q

aquifer

A

a geologic unit that transmits water in sufficient quantity to supply a well

49
Q

confined aquifer

A

aquifer bounded on top by an impermeable layer

50
Q

artesian well

A

water rises in a well above the top of the aquifer

51
Q

flowing artesian well

A

water rises above the ground surface

52
Q

potentiometric surface

A

the height to which water will rise in a cased well

53
Q

influences on groundwater flow: porosity

A

ratio of pore volume to total volume (ex: if solid particles fill half the total volume, the porosity is 0.5 or 50%)

54
Q

influences on groundwater flow: permeability

A

ability of a medium to transmit a fluid (water)

55
Q

we tend to think that higher porosity always leads to higher permeability - is this true?

A

often, but not always

56
Q

poorly sorted sediments have (lower/higher) porosity and (lower/higher) permeability

A

lower; lower

57
Q

more compacted, more tightly packed sediments have (lower/higher) porosity and (lower/higher) permeability

A

lower; lower

58
Q

tightly packed sand has a (lower/higher) porosity than loosely packed clay, and a (lower/higher) permeability

A

lower; higher

59
Q

if the shape and packing are the same, different grain sizes (do/do not) change the porosity

A

do not

60
Q

smaller particles will (decrease/increase) permeability and why?

A

decrease; because of attraction between the water and solid surfaces

61
Q

good aquifers (high porosity and permeability) examples

A

sand, gravel, sandstone, karst limestone

62
Q

karst

A

lots of dissolved caves and passageways

63
Q

intermediate to poor aquifers

A

silt, glacial till, fractured rock, unweathered limestone

64
Q

not aquifers

A

clay, shale, unfractured crystalline rock

65
Q

one way a spring can form: if water accumulates on an impermeable layer intersected by a slope, water will

A

eventually seep out the side of the hill slope

66
Q

one way a spring can form: fractures cutting through a confined aquifer will

A

provide conduits for pressurized water to reach the surface

67
Q

when we start to pump water from a well, what happens to the water table or potentiometric surface?

A

a cone of depression (drawdown cone) forms

68
Q

if pumping from multiple wells exceed annual recharge, the entire water table will begin to ?, which increases pumping costs and can cause ?

A

lower; wells to go dry and the ground surface to subside

69
Q

subsidence

A

decrease in surface elevation due to collapse or compression of underlying material

70
Q

subsidence in unconfined aquifers: draining water from unconsolidated sediments often causes ?, so the ground surface settles downward

A

compaction (compacted sediments take up less space)

71
Q

subsidence in confined aquifers: confined aquifers are ?, but pumping relieves pressure, which allows the aquifer to ?

A

pressurized; compress (the ground surface drops)

72
Q

subsidence in caves

A

a cave with a thin or weak roof may collapse if pumping drops the water level below the top of the cave

73
Q

a depression or hole caused by a collapsed cave roof is called

A

a sinkhole

74
Q

total dissolved solids (TDS)

A

the total mass of all dissolved ions and molecules per liter of solution

75
Q

we divide water into different types based on TDS:

A

fresh, brackish, saline, brine

76
Q

water in quartz sand (SiO2) tends to have (low/high) TDS< with dissolved ? as primary ion

A

low; silica

77
Q

water in limestone (CaCO3) is fresh, but tends to have (lower/higher) TDS, with ? and ? as primary ions

A

higher; calcium and bicarbonate

78
Q

water in halite (NaCl) forms a brine, (very low/very high) in TDS, with ? and ? as primary ions

A

very high; sodium and chloride

79
Q

contaminants come in a variety of different forms

A

salts, metals, bacteria, agricultural and pharmaceutical chemicals, radioactive waste, organic liquids

80
Q

organic liquids are divided into two groups

A

LNAPL and DNAPL

81
Q

LNAPL

A

light non-aqueous phase liquid (floats on water)

82
Q

DNAPL

A

dense non-aqueous phase liquid (sinks in water)

83
Q

Which are harder to clean up and why? (LNAPL or DNAPL)

A

DNAPL because they continue moving downward in an aquifer and get hung up in little pools wherever the permeability is slow

Fall 2018 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions