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Fall 2018 > Geology 101 Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Geology 101 Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

if any plate moves, it must immediately (3 things)

A
  1. run into another plate in the direction it is moving
  2. pull away from a plate on the opposite side
  3. grind laterally past plates on the sides
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2
Q

three types of tectonic boundaries or zones

A

divergent, convergent, transform fault

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3
Q

divergent boundaries

A

where two plates pull apart

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4
Q

convergent boundaries

A

where two plates collide

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5
Q

transform fault boundaries

A

where to plates slide past one another

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6
Q

divergent boundaries will occur

A

above rising convection cells

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7
Q

convergent boundaries will occur

A

where convection cells are falling downward

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8
Q

when plates pull apart (divergence), what happens?

A

magma from the mantle fills the gap and creates new oceanic crust

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9
Q

when plates collide (convergence), what happens?

A

plates will either crumple, or one plate will slide beneath the other, a process known as subduction

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10
Q

plates sliding past one another (transform faults) form ?

A

fault zones

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11
Q

the appearance of the surface of the earth is controlled in large part by

A

the type of tectonic boundaries present, and whether the plate boundary is oceanic or continental

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12
Q

examples of oceanic-oceanic plate divergent boundaries

A

mid-atlantic ridge, east pacific rise

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13
Q

oceanic-oceanic plate divergent boundaries feature

A

elevated ridge on ocean floor, earthquake activity common, sea floor lava flows, thermal vents (super heated water)

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14
Q

the mid-atlantic ridge falls exactly in the middle of

A

the Atlantic between North/South America and Europe/Africa

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15
Q

the mid-atlantic ridge divergent zone passes through Iceland, which is a good example of

A

divergence in continental crust

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16
Q

continental-continental plate divergent boundaries examples

A

Iceland, Great Rift Valley (Africa)

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17
Q

continental-continental plate divergent boundaries feature

A

elevated ridge with rifted valley; earthquake activity common; lava flows; narrow, inland seas

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18
Q

Iceland periodically loses a town to

A

lava flows emanating from rifts

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19
Q

Great Rift Valley (East African Rift) is actually a

A

three pointed star-shaped rift

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20
Q

the ? and the ? are rifts filled in with water (narrow inland seas)

A

Red Sea, Gulf of Aden

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21
Q

continental-oceanic plate divergent boundaries are not seen because

A

oceanic crust is generated on either side of the rift, so it readily turns into an oceanic-oceanic plate boundary

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22
Q

continental-oceanic plate convergent boundaries examples

A

Pacific Northwest (Mt. St. Helens area), Andes Mountains/Peru-Chile Trench

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23
Q

continental-oceanic plate convergent boundaries feature

A

volcanic mountains on continental parallel to coast, subduction of oceanic plate - creates ocean trench parallel to coast, deep earthquakes from subducting plate

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24
Q

when oceanic crust meets continental crust, which always loses and why?

A

oceanic crust (it’s thinner and sits lower)

25
Q

friction from ? plates generates tremendous heat; overlying rock material melts and moves upward and ?

A

subducting; erupts as volcanoes

26
Q

when subduction begins, the downward bend results in

A

a deep trench

27
Q

the trenches from subduction form the

A

deepest places on earth (some are under nearly 7 miles of water, which is much deeper than Mount Everest is tall)

28
Q

volcanic mountains typically form directly above

A

the subducting plate

29
Q

Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Rainier are active volcanoes because of

A

subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate

30
Q

oceanic-oceanic plate convergent boundaries examples

A

Japan, Aleutian Islands, Philippines

31
Q

oceanic-oceanic plate convergent boundaries feature

A

volcanic island arc, ocean trench parallel to island arc, deep earthquakes from subducting plate

32
Q

subduction of one plate produces

A

volcanism and island building

33
Q

the perimeter of the Pacific is known as the “Ring of Fire” because

A

its lined with earthquake epicenters and volcanoes

34
Q

continental-continental plate convergent boundaries examples

A

Himalaya Mountains

35
Q

continental-continental plate convergent boundaries feature

A

non-volcanic mountains (inland), lots of earthquakes

36
Q

the ? are the tallest mountains in the world because of ?

A

Himalayas; active collision and buckling of two colliding continental plates

37
Q

continental-continental plate transform fault boundaries examples

A

San Andres Fault, California

38
Q

continental-continental plate transform fault boundaries feature

A

strike-slip faults, shallow earthquake activity

39
Q

strike-slip faults

A

faults with no vertical displacement (both sides move horizontally)

40
Q

oceanic-oceanic plate transform fault boundaries examples

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise

41
Q

oceanic-oceanic plate transform fault boundaries feature

A

strike-slip faults, shallow earthquake activity

42
Q

continental-oceanic plate transform fault boundaries

A

not seen b/c oceanic crust sits lower and is thinner; since lateral movement is never perfectly parallel, the weaker oceanic plate quickly starts to subduct; it thus becomes a convergent zone

43
Q

Hot Spots

A

relatively stationary areas of the mantle that are particularly hot, which periodically melt through the overlying crust to produce a volcano

44
Q

Hot Spots examples

A

Hawaii; Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

45
Q

Hot Spots feature

A

mid-plate volcanism

46
Q

because the overlying plate is moving, the periodic volcanism of hot spots results in

A

a string of volcanoes that get older the farther they are from the current volcanic activity

47
Q

number of plates (are/are not) fixed

A

are not

48
Q

oceanic plates (can/cannot) disappear

A

can (if two continents approach each other and collide, the ocean that was between them will completely subduct and disappear)

49
Q

continents (do/do not disappear), they (are/are not) buoyant

A

do not; are (when continents collide, they become a single land mass)

50
Q

new plates can form by

A

breaking existing plates

51
Q

continents (can/cannot) grow

A

can (islands that form and later collide with a continent add additional land to the continent; the islands will not subduct)

52
Q

What evidence did Alfred Wegener see that continents have drifted over time?

A
  1. “Jig saw puzzle” fit of continents
  2. rock types and fossil types on different continents matched
  3. the presence of glacial deposits and glacial scrape marks on all the continents that all grouped together if the continents were put together
53
Q

none of Wegener’s observations were convincing enough until ?

A

reversals were discovered in seafloor magnetism

54
Q

when iron-bearing magma solidifies (hardens into rock), the iron minerals …

A

align along the earth’s magnetic field

55
Q

the earth’s magnetic field (has/has never) reversed

A

has (and many times)

56
Q

we can tell the earth’s magnetic field has reversed because

A

successive lava flows on the same volcano will have iron minerals oriented in one direction in one flow, and reversed in the opposite direction in a later flow

57
Q

bands run (parallel/perpendicular) to mid-ocean ridges with reversing magnetic orientation

A

parallel

58
Q

stations set up around the world have documented that the distance between Europe and North America

A

increases by several centimeters each year

Fall 2018 (24 decks)

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