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Fall 2018 > Geology 101 Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Geology 101 Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

? rock will tend to neutralize acid

A

limestone

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2
Q

the acid plume will migrate if a rock is ?

A

basalt

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3
Q

? makes a great abrasive cleaner, but ? does not

A

pumice; obsidian

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4
Q

? and ? are in the nucleus of the atom and have approximately the same mass

A

protons and neutrons

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5
Q

orbit the nucleus and have insignificant mass

A

electrons

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6
Q

charge of protons, neutrons, electrons

A

+, 0, -

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7
Q

the total charge on an atom is ? because ?

A

neutral (zero) because they have the same number of electrons (-) and protons (+)

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8
Q

element refers to

A

all atoms with the same number of protons

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9
Q

the number of ? determines the physical and chemical properties of an atom

A

protons

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10
Q

Carbon has ? protons and Nitrogen has ? protons; the highest grade coal is nearly pure ? but the air we breathe is approximately 80% ?

A

Carbon - 6
Nitrogen - 7
coal: Carbon
air: Nitrogen

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11
Q

special format of showing elements

A

atomic mass
element symbol
atomic number

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12
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons + neutrons

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13
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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14
Q

isotopes

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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15
Q

example of an isotope

A

carbon (6, 7, 8 neutrons)

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16
Q

if an atom gains or loses an electron, the result will be a charged particle called an

A

ion

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17
Q

cation

A

ion with a positive charge

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18
Q

anion

A

ion with a negative charge

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19
Q

groups of atoms can also be considered ions (true/false)

A

true

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20
Q

ionic bonds

A

bonds that form as a result of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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21
Q

to form a new chemical substance from ionic bonds, the final product must

A

have a neutral charge

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22
Q

covalent bonding and metallic bonding result in arrangements of atoms with a

A

neutral overall charge

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23
Q

to be considered a mineral, atoms must meet 4 criteria

A

naturally occurring, crystalline solid, inorganic, specific chemical composition

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24
Q

the difference between a “real” diamond and a “synthetic” diamond is

A

synthetic diamonds are real, just not mined from the ground

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25
crystals are the result of a unique arrangement of
atoms
26
table salt is known by the mineral name
halite
27
halite is formed by joining Na and Cl ions in a ? pattern
cubical
28
water molecules (can/cannot) be arranged in a cubical pattern
cannot
29
organic
contains carbon and hydrogen (and other optional elements) and is usually associated with life forms or processes
30
inorganic
generally lacking carbon usually associated with non-living processes
31
inorganic substances include
1. any substance with no carbon 2. some substances with carbon including pure carbon (diamond, graphite), carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gas (CO2, CO), materials with CO3 (found in water and in shells)
32
a mineral is defined by its
specific chemical composition
33
a mineral's specific chemical composition can be
exact (NaCl, CaCO3) or fit within a well defined range (Olivine has the general formula (Fe,Mg)2SiO4)
34
is ice on the pond in the winter a mineral? why?
yes because it is naturally occurring, a crystalline solid, inorganic, and has a specific chemical formula
35
is ice in your freezer a mineral?
no because it is not naturally occurring
36
if we take a mineral and keep the same number and type of atoms, but put them together in a different arrangement, we will create ?
a different mineral
37
polymorph
a mineral with the same chemical formula as another mineral, but with a different structural arrangement resulting in different physical and chemical properties (including crystal form)
38
examples of a polymorph
1. CaCO3 (calcite and aragonite - aragonite is slightly more soluble in water than calcite at room temperature) 2. C (diamond and graphite - profound differences)
39
diamond requires immense ? to force the atoms into a tighter arrangement than found in graphite
pressure
40
graphite vs diamond
graphite: silvery grey color, very soft (pencil lead) diamond: hardest mineral known, transparent
41
vast majority of elements fit into 6 mineral groups
1. native elements 2. oxides/hydroxides 3. halides 4. carbonates 5. sulfates/sulfites 6. silicates
42
native elements example
copper, Cu
43
oxides/hydroxides example
hematite, Fe2O3
44
halides examples
halite, Fe2O3 | brucite, Mg(OH)2
45
carbonates example
calcite CaCO3
46
sulfates/sulfites examples
anahydrite, CaSO4 | pyrite, FeS2
47
silicates
olivine, Mg2SiO4
48
oxides
usually a metal with oxygens attached
49
hydroxides
always have a hydrogen and an oxygen together, usually inside parentheses
50
native elements
always appear as a single element
51
halides
always end with one of the elements in the periodic table known as the halides (F, Cl, Br, I)
52
carbonates
have carbon (end with CO3)
53
sulfates
have sulfur (S) and oxygen
54
sulfides
have sulfur with no oxygen
55
silicates
have silica (Si) and oxygen
56
all mineral groups ending with "ate" have
oxygen
57
luster
appearance of the surface
58
luster is divided into two principle categories
metallic and non-metallic
59
metallic luster
the surface looks like it is metal (like copper, silver, gold)
60
non-metallic luster sub-categories
vitreous (glassy), dull or earthy, pearly, silky, resinous (like resin, such as used on a violin bow)
61
color can be a useful tool for identification for ? but not for ?
pyrite (it always has a gold color to it); quartz (comes in lots of colors)
62
streak
the color of a mineral's powder when scraped on an abrasive surface
63
in many cases, a mineral may come in different colors in bulk form, but all will have the same color ?; example ?
streak; hematite (an iron mineral)
64
hardness
resistance to abrasion
65
a guy named Moh came up with
a list of minerals with increasing hardness with which to compare the hardness of other minerals; the list is thus known as Moh's hardness scale
66
there are 10 minerals on Moh's hardness scale, numbered 1 through 10. diamond is assigned ? because it is the ?; the softest mineral on the list is ?
diamond is assigned number 10 because it is the hardest known mineral; Talc is the softest on the list (number 1)
67
diaphaneity
the ability of a thin slice of a mineral to transmit light
68
transparent
light passes through unscattered (clear image; like clear or tinted glass)
69
translucent
light passes through, but is scattered (results in cloudy image; like etched glass on a shower door)
70
opaque
does not transmit light
71
tenacity
resistance to being broken or bent
72
brittle
breaks rather than bend (like a stick of chalk)
73
elastic
bends and returns to its original shape (like a diving board)
74
flexible
bends and stays bent (like a metal wire)
75
cleavage and fracture (are/are not) related
are
76
cleavage
tendency to break along well defined planes of weaknesses that are not crystal faces; some minerals have multiple cleavage planes, some have none
77
fracture
appearance of a break that is not along a cleavage plane
78
quartz has no cleavage, so
striking quartz results in lots of irregular shards
79
conchoidal
a circular, concave break (typical of glass)
80
uneven
irregular and rough
81
smooth, dull appearing surface
earthy
82
specific gravity
the weight of an object relative to the weight of an equivalent volume of water
83
minerals with a high specific gravity (often containing metal ions) feel ? compared to other minerals of similar size
heavy
84
a one inch cube of galena (a lead mineral) feels ? compared to a one inch cube of talc
heavy
85
crystal form (habit)
the shape of a well formed crystal
86
special properties
many minerals have unique properties that can be used to identify the mineral (ex: magnetism)
87
double refraction
an image viewed through a thin slice appears in double
88
taste: halite is ? and selenite is ?
salty; bitter
89
minerals like kaolinite have a ? odor
musty
90
minerals like talc have a ? feel
soapy
91
minerals form by one of three ways
solidification, precipitation, alteration
92
solidification
crystallize from a magma (melted rock)
93
precipitation
crystallize from dissolved ions in water
94
alteration
change some of the atoms in an existing mineral, or change the way existing atoms are put together

Fall 2018 (24 decks)

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