Geology 101 Quiz 3 Flashcards
? rock will tend to neutralize acid
limestone
the acid plume will migrate if a rock is ?
basalt
? makes a great abrasive cleaner, but ? does not
pumice; obsidian
? and ? are in the nucleus of the atom and have approximately the same mass
protons and neutrons
orbit the nucleus and have insignificant mass
electrons
charge of protons, neutrons, electrons
+, 0, -
the total charge on an atom is ? because ?
neutral (zero) because they have the same number of electrons (-) and protons (+)
element refers to
all atoms with the same number of protons
the number of ? determines the physical and chemical properties of an atom
protons
Carbon has ? protons and Nitrogen has ? protons; the highest grade coal is nearly pure ? but the air we breathe is approximately 80% ?
Carbon - 6
Nitrogen - 7
coal: Carbon
air: Nitrogen
special format of showing elements
atomic mass
element symbol
atomic number
atomic mass
number of protons + neutrons
atomic number
number of protons
isotopes
atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
example of an isotope
carbon (6, 7, 8 neutrons)
if an atom gains or loses an electron, the result will be a charged particle called an
ion
cation
ion with a positive charge
anion
ion with a negative charge
groups of atoms can also be considered ions (true/false)
true
ionic bonds
bonds that form as a result of attraction between oppositely charged ions
to form a new chemical substance from ionic bonds, the final product must
have a neutral charge
covalent bonding and metallic bonding result in arrangements of atoms with a
neutral overall charge
to be considered a mineral, atoms must meet 4 criteria
naturally occurring, crystalline solid, inorganic, specific chemical composition
the difference between a “real” diamond and a “synthetic” diamond is
synthetic diamonds are real, just not mined from the ground
crystals are the result of a unique arrangement of
atoms
table salt is known by the mineral name
halite
halite is formed by joining Na and Cl ions in a ? pattern
cubical
water molecules (can/cannot) be arranged in a cubical pattern
cannot
organic
contains carbon and hydrogen (and other optional elements) and is usually associated with life forms or processes
inorganic
generally lacking carbon usually associated with non-living processes
inorganic substances include
- any substance with no carbon
- some substances with carbon including pure carbon (diamond, graphite), carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gas (CO2, CO), materials with CO3 (found in water and in shells)
a mineral is defined by its
specific chemical composition
a mineral’s specific chemical composition can be
exact (NaCl, CaCO3) or fit within a well defined range (Olivine has the general formula (Fe,Mg)2SiO4)
is ice on the pond in the winter a mineral? why?
yes because it is naturally occurring, a crystalline solid, inorganic, and has a specific chemical formula
is ice in your freezer a mineral?
no because it is not naturally occurring
if we take a mineral and keep the same number and type of atoms, but put them together in a different arrangement, we will create ?
a different mineral
polymorph
a mineral with the same chemical formula as another mineral, but with a different structural arrangement resulting in different physical and chemical properties (including crystal form)
examples of a polymorph
- CaCO3 (calcite and aragonite - aragonite is slightly more soluble in water than calcite at room temperature)
- C (diamond and graphite - profound differences)
diamond requires immense ? to force the atoms into a tighter arrangement than found in graphite
pressure
graphite vs diamond
graphite: silvery grey color, very soft (pencil lead)
diamond: hardest mineral known, transparent
vast majority of elements fit into 6 mineral groups
- native elements
- oxides/hydroxides
- halides
- carbonates
- sulfates/sulfites
- silicates
native elements example
copper, Cu
oxides/hydroxides example
hematite, Fe2O3
halides examples
halite, Fe2O3
brucite, Mg(OH)2
carbonates example
calcite CaCO3
sulfates/sulfites examples
anahydrite, CaSO4
pyrite, FeS2
silicates
olivine, Mg2SiO4
oxides
usually a metal with oxygens attached
hydroxides
always have a hydrogen and an oxygen together, usually inside parentheses
native elements
always appear as a single element
halides
always end with one of the elements in the periodic table known as the halides (F, Cl, Br, I)
carbonates
have carbon (end with CO3)
sulfates
have sulfur (S) and oxygen
sulfides
have sulfur with no oxygen
silicates
have silica (Si) and oxygen
all mineral groups ending with “ate” have
oxygen
luster
appearance of the surface
luster is divided into two principle categories
metallic and non-metallic
metallic luster
the surface looks like it is metal (like copper, silver, gold)
non-metallic luster sub-categories
vitreous (glassy), dull or earthy, pearly, silky, resinous (like resin, such as used on a violin bow)
color can be a useful tool for identification for ? but not for ?
pyrite (it always has a gold color to it); quartz (comes in lots of colors)
streak
the color of a mineral’s powder when scraped on an abrasive surface
in many cases, a mineral may come in different colors in bulk form, but all will have the same color ?; example ?
streak; hematite (an iron mineral)
hardness
resistance to abrasion
a guy named Moh came up with
a list of minerals with increasing hardness with which to compare the hardness of other minerals; the list is thus known as Moh’s hardness scale
there are 10 minerals on Moh’s hardness scale, numbered 1 through 10. diamond is assigned ? because it is the ?; the softest mineral on the list is ?
diamond is assigned number 10 because it is the hardest known mineral; Talc is the softest on the list (number 1)
diaphaneity
the ability of a thin slice of a mineral to transmit light
transparent
light passes through unscattered (clear image; like clear or tinted glass)
translucent
light passes through, but is scattered (results in cloudy image; like etched glass on a shower door)
opaque
does not transmit light
tenacity
resistance to being broken or bent
brittle
breaks rather than bend (like a stick of chalk)
elastic
bends and returns to its original shape (like a diving board)
flexible
bends and stays bent (like a metal wire)
cleavage and fracture (are/are not) related
are
cleavage
tendency to break along well defined planes of weaknesses that are not crystal faces; some minerals have multiple cleavage planes, some have none
fracture
appearance of a break that is not along a cleavage plane
quartz has no cleavage, so
striking quartz results in lots of irregular shards
conchoidal
a circular, concave break (typical of glass)
uneven
irregular and rough
smooth, dull appearing surface
earthy
specific gravity
the weight of an object relative to the weight of an equivalent volume of water
minerals with a high specific gravity (often containing metal ions) feel ? compared to other minerals of similar size
heavy
a one inch cube of galena (a lead mineral) feels ? compared to a one inch cube of talc
heavy
crystal form (habit)
the shape of a well formed crystal
special properties
many minerals have unique properties that can be used to identify the mineral (ex: magnetism)
double refraction
an image viewed through a thin slice appears in double
taste: halite is ? and selenite is ?
salty; bitter
minerals like kaolinite have a ? odor
musty
minerals like talc have a ? feel
soapy
minerals form by one of three ways
solidification, precipitation, alteration
solidification
crystallize from a magma (melted rock)
precipitation
crystallize from dissolved ions in water
alteration
change some of the atoms in an existing mineral, or change the way existing atoms are put together
