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Fall 2018 > Geology 101 Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Geology 101 Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

? rock will tend to neutralize acid

A

limestone

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2
Q

the acid plume will migrate if a rock is ?

A

basalt

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3
Q

? makes a great abrasive cleaner, but ? does not

A

pumice; obsidian

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4
Q

? and ? are in the nucleus of the atom and have approximately the same mass

A

protons and neutrons

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5
Q

orbit the nucleus and have insignificant mass

A

electrons

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6
Q

charge of protons, neutrons, electrons

A

+, 0, -

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7
Q

the total charge on an atom is ? because ?

A

neutral (zero) because they have the same number of electrons (-) and protons (+)

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8
Q

element refers to

A

all atoms with the same number of protons

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9
Q

the number of ? determines the physical and chemical properties of an atom

A

protons

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10
Q

Carbon has ? protons and Nitrogen has ? protons; the highest grade coal is nearly pure ? but the air we breathe is approximately 80% ?

A

Carbon - 6
Nitrogen - 7
coal: Carbon
air: Nitrogen

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11
Q

special format of showing elements

A

atomic mass
element symbol
atomic number

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12
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons + neutrons

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13
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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14
Q

isotopes

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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15
Q

example of an isotope

A

carbon (6, 7, 8 neutrons)

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16
Q

if an atom gains or loses an electron, the result will be a charged particle called an

A

ion

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17
Q

cation

A

ion with a positive charge

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18
Q

anion

A

ion with a negative charge

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19
Q

groups of atoms can also be considered ions (true/false)

A

true

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20
Q

ionic bonds

A

bonds that form as a result of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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21
Q

to form a new chemical substance from ionic bonds, the final product must

A

have a neutral charge

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22
Q

covalent bonding and metallic bonding result in arrangements of atoms with a

A

neutral overall charge

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23
Q

to be considered a mineral, atoms must meet 4 criteria

A

naturally occurring, crystalline solid, inorganic, specific chemical composition

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24
Q

the difference between a “real” diamond and a “synthetic” diamond is

A

synthetic diamonds are real, just not mined from the ground

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25
Q

crystals are the result of a unique arrangement of

A

atoms

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26
Q

table salt is known by the mineral name

A

halite

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27
Q

halite is formed by joining Na and Cl ions in a ? pattern

A

cubical

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28
Q

water molecules (can/cannot) be arranged in a cubical pattern

A

cannot

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29
Q

organic

A

contains carbon and hydrogen (and other optional elements) and is usually associated with life forms or processes

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30
Q

inorganic

A

generally lacking carbon usually associated with non-living processes

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31
Q

inorganic substances include

A
  1. any substance with no carbon
  2. some substances with carbon including pure carbon (diamond, graphite), carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gas (CO2, CO), materials with CO3 (found in water and in shells)
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32
Q

a mineral is defined by its

A

specific chemical composition

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33
Q

a mineral’s specific chemical composition can be

A

exact (NaCl, CaCO3) or fit within a well defined range (Olivine has the general formula (Fe,Mg)2SiO4)

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34
Q

is ice on the pond in the winter a mineral? why?

A

yes because it is naturally occurring, a crystalline solid, inorganic, and has a specific chemical formula

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35
Q

is ice in your freezer a mineral?

A

no because it is not naturally occurring

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36
Q

if we take a mineral and keep the same number and type of atoms, but put them together in a different arrangement, we will create ?

A

a different mineral

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37
Q

polymorph

A

a mineral with the same chemical formula as another mineral, but with a different structural arrangement resulting in different physical and chemical properties (including crystal form)

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38
Q

examples of a polymorph

A
  1. CaCO3 (calcite and aragonite - aragonite is slightly more soluble in water than calcite at room temperature)
  2. C (diamond and graphite - profound differences)
39
Q

diamond requires immense ? to force the atoms into a tighter arrangement than found in graphite

A

pressure

40
Q

graphite vs diamond

A

graphite: silvery grey color, very soft (pencil lead)
diamond: hardest mineral known, transparent

41
Q

vast majority of elements fit into 6 mineral groups

A
  1. native elements
  2. oxides/hydroxides
  3. halides
  4. carbonates
  5. sulfates/sulfites
  6. silicates
42
Q

native elements example

A

copper, Cu

43
Q

oxides/hydroxides example

A

hematite, Fe2O3

44
Q

halides examples

A

halite, Fe2O3

brucite, Mg(OH)2

45
Q

carbonates example

A

calcite CaCO3

46
Q

sulfates/sulfites examples

A

anahydrite, CaSO4

pyrite, FeS2

47
Q

silicates

A

olivine, Mg2SiO4

48
Q

oxides

A

usually a metal with oxygens attached

49
Q

hydroxides

A

always have a hydrogen and an oxygen together, usually inside parentheses

50
Q

native elements

A

always appear as a single element

51
Q

halides

A

always end with one of the elements in the periodic table known as the halides (F, Cl, Br, I)

52
Q

carbonates

A

have carbon (end with CO3)

53
Q

sulfates

A

have sulfur (S) and oxygen

54
Q

sulfides

A

have sulfur with no oxygen

55
Q

silicates

A

have silica (Si) and oxygen

56
Q

all mineral groups ending with “ate” have

A

oxygen

57
Q

luster

A

appearance of the surface

58
Q

luster is divided into two principle categories

A

metallic and non-metallic

59
Q

metallic luster

A

the surface looks like it is metal (like copper, silver, gold)

60
Q

non-metallic luster sub-categories

A

vitreous (glassy), dull or earthy, pearly, silky, resinous (like resin, such as used on a violin bow)

61
Q

color can be a useful tool for identification for ? but not for ?

A

pyrite (it always has a gold color to it); quartz (comes in lots of colors)

62
Q

streak

A

the color of a mineral’s powder when scraped on an abrasive surface

63
Q

in many cases, a mineral may come in different colors in bulk form, but all will have the same color ?; example ?

A

streak; hematite (an iron mineral)

64
Q

hardness

A

resistance to abrasion

65
Q

a guy named Moh came up with

A

a list of minerals with increasing hardness with which to compare the hardness of other minerals; the list is thus known as Moh’s hardness scale

66
Q

there are 10 minerals on Moh’s hardness scale, numbered 1 through 10. diamond is assigned ? because it is the ?; the softest mineral on the list is ?

A

diamond is assigned number 10 because it is the hardest known mineral; Talc is the softest on the list (number 1)

67
Q

diaphaneity

A

the ability of a thin slice of a mineral to transmit light

68
Q

transparent

A

light passes through unscattered (clear image; like clear or tinted glass)

69
Q

translucent

A

light passes through, but is scattered (results in cloudy image; like etched glass on a shower door)

70
Q

opaque

A

does not transmit light

71
Q

tenacity

A

resistance to being broken or bent

72
Q

brittle

A

breaks rather than bend (like a stick of chalk)

73
Q

elastic

A

bends and returns to its original shape (like a diving board)

74
Q

flexible

A

bends and stays bent (like a metal wire)

75
Q

cleavage and fracture (are/are not) related

A

are

76
Q

cleavage

A

tendency to break along well defined planes of weaknesses that are not crystal faces; some minerals have multiple cleavage planes, some have none

77
Q

fracture

A

appearance of a break that is not along a cleavage plane

78
Q

quartz has no cleavage, so

A

striking quartz results in lots of irregular shards

79
Q

conchoidal

A

a circular, concave break (typical of glass)

80
Q

uneven

A

irregular and rough

81
Q

smooth, dull appearing surface

A

earthy

82
Q

specific gravity

A

the weight of an object relative to the weight of an equivalent volume of water

83
Q

minerals with a high specific gravity (often containing metal ions) feel ? compared to other minerals of similar size

A

heavy

84
Q

a one inch cube of galena (a lead mineral) feels ? compared to a one inch cube of talc

A

heavy

85
Q

crystal form (habit)

A

the shape of a well formed crystal

86
Q

special properties

A

many minerals have unique properties that can be used to identify the mineral (ex: magnetism)

87
Q

double refraction

A

an image viewed through a thin slice appears in double

88
Q

taste: halite is ? and selenite is ?

A

salty; bitter

89
Q

minerals like kaolinite have a ? odor

A

musty

90
Q

minerals like talc have a ? feel

A

soapy

91
Q

minerals form by one of three ways

A

solidification, precipitation, alteration

92
Q

solidification

A

crystallize from a magma (melted rock)

93
Q

precipitation

A

crystallize from dissolved ions in water

94
Q

alteration

A

change some of the atoms in an existing mineral, or change the way existing atoms are put together

Fall 2018 (24 decks)

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