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Revision > Geography Y10 UK Landscapes and Coasts EoT test > Flashcards

Geography Y10 UK Landscapes and Coasts EoT test Flashcards

1
Q

geology of upland areas

A

igneous and metamorphic rocks common - interlocking crystals means water and air can’t easily get in - more resistant

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2
Q

geology of lowland areas

A

sedimentary rocks - grains often have gaps between - easier to break, weather and erode - lower land

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3
Q

climate of upland areas

A

lower temperatures - higher altitude, higher precipitation - relief rainfall

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4
Q

climate of lowland areas

A

higher temperatures - lower altitude, lower precipitation - no relief rainfall

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5
Q

human uses of upland areas

A

mountaineering, skiing, hydroelectric power, pastoral farming, reservoirs, mining and quarrying

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6
Q

human uses of lowland areas

A

arable farming, big settlements, towns and cities, road networks, factories

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7
Q

what is a glacier

A

a large mass of ice that causes erosion

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8
Q

properties of glaciated landscapes

A

deep, wide, steep-sided U-shaped valleys
soil scraped away - thin soils
ridges form at end
knife-edged ridges (arêtes) and pyramidal peaks
tear-shaped mounds (drumlins) and mounds of angular material (moraines)

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9
Q

what are the geomorphic processes

A

weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, (mass movement)

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10
Q

types of erosion

A

attrition, abrasion, solution, hydraulic action

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11
Q

what is attrition

A

loose material crashing together

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12
Q

what is abrasion

A

rocks rubbing against bank/bed (river) or cliff (coast)

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13
Q

what is solution (erosion)

A

dissolving of rocks (often limestone)

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14
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

water entering cracks in the bank/bed or cliff with pressure breaking it

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15
Q

types of transport

A

traction, solution, suspension and saltation

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16
Q

what is traction

A

material rolling along the bed (too large to be picked up)

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17
Q

what is solution (transport)

A

dissolved into the water

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18
Q

what is suspension

A

held up in the water column

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19
Q

what is saltation

A

leapfrogging movement - one piece falls on the bed, which displaces others upwards

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20
Q

when does deposition occur

A

when energy is low

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21
Q

where does deposition occur in a river

A

inside of a meander and at the mouth

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22
Q

where does deposition occur on the coast

A

when there is low energy e.g. headland blocking strong winds entering bay

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23
Q

how does slumping occur

A

1) water infiltrates soil, increasing weight
2) weight increases and gravity pulls material down
3) wave cut notch created, increasing weakness
4) water acts as a lubricant, enabling material to slip
5) weight pulls material down in a rotational direction

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24
Q

types of lines of weakness

A

joints, faults, bedding planes

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25
Q

what is a joint

A

a crack within a bed

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26
Q

what is a fault

A

a crack across multiple beds

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27
Q

what is a bedding plane

A

a crack in between beds

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28
Q

how do smaller crystals affect weathering

A

smaller means more surface area and more gaps for water and air to get in

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29
Q

how do grains affect weathering

A

grains are porous - water and air can get in easier

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30
Q

what weathering is likely to occur in mountain environments

A

freeze thaw

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31
Q

what weathering is likely to occur in deserts

A

exfoliation, oxidation

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32
Q

what weathering is likely to occur in rainforests

A

decaying vegetation, tree woot wedging, chemical

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33
Q

what is erosion

A

the wearing away of the Earth’s surface and the removal of the material from its original location

34
Q

what is weathering

A

the wearing away of the Earth’s surface in situ (not moved frorm the original location)

35
Q

what is mass movement

A

the movement of material down slope of weathered material under the force of gravity - often fairly continues and varies speed slow~fast

36
Q

what are the three types of weaathering

A

chemical, biological, physical

37
Q

examples of chemical weathering

A

carbonation, oxidation

38
Q

examples of biological weathering

A

growing roots and decaying vegetation

39
Q

examples of physical weathering

A

exfoliation and freeze thaw

40
Q

what is scree

A

a mass of small loose stones that form or cover a slope on a mountain

41
Q

how does sliding occur

A

1) water infiltrates ground and builds up along a line of weakness - zone of lubrication
2) waves attack at the base causing erosion
3) lack of support - falls straight down into that area
4) material moves down cliff face in a straight line

42
Q

what does discordant mean

A

different rock types meeting the coastline

43
Q

what does concordant mean

A

same rock type along the coastline

44
Q

what happens in constructive waves

A

strong swash and weak backwash means material is moved up the beach

45
Q

what happens in destructive waves

A

no swash and strong bakwash means material is moved down the beach

46
Q

under what conditions do constructive waves occur

A

gentle weather, lower frequency, lower energy

47
Q

under what conditions do destructive waves occur

A

stromy weather, higher frequency, higher energy

48
Q

how are bays formed

A

waves concentrate attacks on the weaker areas of rock, meaning it is eroded more and becomes a bay, the two more resistant areas of rock around it are the headlands

49
Q

how are coves formed

A

there is a uniform wall of resistant rock where lines of weakness are exploited, alowing water to break through into weaker rock, which is eroded more than the resistant rock

50
Q

what is it called when two coves join up

A

coalescence of coves

51
Q

how does a cave go to a stump

A

1) line of weakness exploited by erosion - hydraulic action and abrasion, widened weakness - cave
2) most likely: fault line = plane with outcrops on both sides, which can erode through to make an arch
3) biological weathering on surface + arch edges eroding = roof of arch collapsing - stack
4) once erosion is large enough, the top of the stack collapses and becomes a stump

52
Q

how does longshore drift work

A

material is moved up the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind (swash), but the backwash moves down the beach perpendicular to the coastline

53
Q

how does a spit form

A

when there is a sharp corner in the headland, longshore drift continues straight in that direction

54
Q

how do hooked ends form

A

when the wind direction periodically changes, so the longshore drift changes direction, before continuing in its previous direction

55
Q

how can a spit stop extending

A

if water flow from inland is strong enough (such as a river estuary)

56
Q

what environment is there inside a spit

A

low energy - muds and salts deposited - saltmarshes

57
Q

what is the temperature like in Dorset

A

july ~ august - high temperatures (~20.5°C) - higher rates of chemical weathering - limestone higher rates of biological weathering - more plant growth
never cold enough (lowest ~ 9°C) for freeze thaw

58
Q

what is precipitation like in Dorset

A

lowest (~50mm/month) - summer - still enough for biological growth, highest (~150mm/month) october ~ december - carbonation and solution + mass movement

59
Q

what is wind direction like in Dorset

A

prevailing wind from south-west - longshore drift goes east

60
Q

what is wind speed like in Dorset

A

winter - more storms - destructive waves, more transport, more mass movement

61
Q

example of arch + facts

A

durdle door - formed as cove entrance ~10 000 yrs ago
- formed in portland limestone - resistant
- 61m high

62
Q

example of cove + facts

A

lulworth cove - 125m entrance
- 400m widest point - wealden beds
- back of cove is chalk

63
Q

example of bay + facts

A

swanage bay - between ballard point and peveril point
- 2.7km wide
- pier, concrete groyne (breakwater), groynes and sea wall

64
Q

example of stack/stump + facts

A

Old Harry - ~20m high
- made of chalk
- arch and wave cut platform
Old Harry’s wife - became a stump in 1896

65
Q

example of spit + facts

A

studland heath spit - ~3.7km long
- built up over ~ 400 yrs
- between handfast point and shell bay

66
Q

what is rip-rap

A

large rocks of granite or ther hard igneous rocks placed at the bottom of cliffs which absorb energy by letting water drain through them

67
Q

what is a groyne

A

a barrier made of rock or wood placed perpendicular to the coastline which traps sediment on one side which builds up the beach which helps absorb wave energy

68
Q

what is a sea wall

A

a wall made of concrete or stone - can be sloping, curved, stepped and vertical - absorbs wave energy which prevents erosion

69
Q

what are gabions

A

wire cages filled with stones placed at the bottom of cliffs to absorb wave energy

70
Q

what are revetments

A

sloping barrier features on the coast made of wood or stone (rock armour), which absorb the energy of the waves, but still let water and sediment through

71
Q

what are offshore reefs

A

large 245m long piles of granite rocks placed 250m from the sea wall parallel to the coastline, which cause waves to break early, thus reducing their strength

72
Q

what is beach nourishment

A

transporting material from one area to another, to act as a barrier between the sea and the cliff

73
Q

what is managed realignment

A

allowing the shoreline to move naturally, but directing it to certain areas to stop it from leading to erosion

74
Q

advantage and disadvantage of rip-rap

A

cheaper than concrete constructions, traps flotsam and jetsam, leading to a smell and rat infestation

75
Q

advantage and disadvantage of groynes

A

effective in a local context, requires ongoing maintenance

76
Q

advantage and disadvantage of sea walls and revetments

A

effective property defence in high-risk locations, expensive to build and maintain + rapidly eroding

77
Q

advantage and disadvantage of gabions

A

cheaper than other methods, prone to cage weathering (rusting) - doesn’t last very long

78
Q

advantage and disadvantage of offshore reefs

A

work well alongside other management techniques, expensive to construct

79
Q

advantage and disadvantage of beach nourishment

A

aesthetically pleasing - supports tourism, requires expensive annual replenishment

80
Q

advantage and disadvantage of managed realignment

A

potential for estuary tidal reduction, politically sensitive (loss of land/property)

Revision (19 decks)

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