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Revision > Biology Y10 Respiration and the Heart EoT test > Flashcards

Biology Y10 Respiration and the Heart EoT test Flashcards

1
Q

what is hte difference between respiration and breathing

A

repiration is the chemical reaction, while breathing is a process

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2
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

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3
Q

balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy)

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4
Q

how much energy is released by aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP

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5
Q

where do the reactants of respiration come from

A

glucose - digestion of food
oxygen - via lungs and blood

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6
Q

where does carbon dioxide go after being produced

A

exits via lungs and blood

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7
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur

A

in cell mitochondria

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8
Q

what is energy for

A
  • build up smal molecules into larger ones
  • break down larger molecules into smaller ones
  • muscle contraction
  • maintain a stable body temperature
  • active transport
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9
Q

what happens when aerobically respiring during exercise

A
  • heart rate increases
  • arteries supplying active muscles dilate
  • breathing rate and depth increases
  • muscles convert stored glycogen into glucose
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10
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy)

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11
Q

balanced symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ -> 2C₃H₆O₃ (+ energy)

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12
Q

how much energy is released by anaerobic respiration in animals

A

2 ATP

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13
Q

where does anaerobic respiration take place in animals

A

in cytoplasm

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14
Q

where does lactic acid go after respiration

A

accumulates in blood

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15
Q

which respiration is faster and why

A

anaerobic because less bonds are broken

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16
Q

what does lactic acid cause

A

muscle fatigue and pain

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17
Q

how do you deal with lactic acid

A

remove it from the body, or convert it back into glucose, both of which require oxygen/energy from respiration

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18
Q

what happens when plants flood

A

there is a low oxygen concentration in the soil, so the roots have to respire anaerobically

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19
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants etc.

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy)

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20
Q

balanced symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in plants etc.

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ -> 2C₂H₆O + 2CO₂ (+ energy)

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21
Q

what is diffusion

A

the net movement of particles down the concentration gradient from a high concentration to a low concentration

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22
Q

why do organisms rely on diffusion

A

to move substances across cell membranes

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23
Q

how do you format a ‘describe the graph’ question

A

as the independent variable increases/decreases, the dependent variable increases/decreases

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24
Q

what happens to diffusion as you increase surface area to volume ratio

A

it becomes quicker

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25
Q

what is the diffusion like in unicellular organisms and why

A

quick, because:
* low distance between cell membrane and centre of cell
* substances do not have to travel far
* can enter directly from the environment

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26
Q

what mostly goes into cells by diffusion

A

oxygen, glucose, amino acids etc.

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27
Q

what mostly goes out of cells by diffusion

A

carbon dioxide and other waste products

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28
Q

what is the diffusion like in multicellular organisms and why

A

slow, because:
* low SA:V ratio
* large diistance from cell membrane to centre of cell
* exchange cannot happen fast enough (usually have exchange surfaces and transport systems)

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29
Q

why is diffusion in small intestines good

A
  • villi increase surface area
  • layer of epithelial cells - small diffusion distance
  • good blood supply - maintain concentration gradient
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30
Q

why is diffusion in lungs good

A
  • alveoli increase surface area
  • blood capillaries maintain concentration gradient
  • thin - small diffusion distance
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31
Q

why is diffusion in gills good

A
  • lot of smaller filament increase surface area
  • good blood supply maintains concentration gradient
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32
Q

why is diffusion in roots good

A
  • highly branched network increases surface area
  • surface covered with root hair cells - increases surface area
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33
Q

why is diffusion in leaves good

A
  • small hairs increase surface area
  • stomata - decreases diffusion distance
  • mesophyll - decreases diffusion distance
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34
Q

equation for fick’s law

A

rate of diffusion is directly proportional to (surface area * concentration difference) / diffusion distance

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35
Q

what are the functions of the lungs

A
  • enable breathing
  • move air in and out (ventilate)
  • provide a surface area for gas exchange
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36
Q

what does the nasal cavity do

A

produces mucus and hairs to trap debris

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37
Q

what do the ribs do

A

protect lungs

38
Q

what does the trachea do

A

connects nasal cavity to lungs, produces mucus to trap debris and lined with cilias which waft mucus up

39
Q

what do the intercostal muscles do

A

contract and relax to chage volume of chest cavity

40
Q

what does the bronchiole do

A

connects bronchus with alveoli

41
Q

what does the bronchus do

A

connects trachea to lungs, lined with goblet cells and cilia

42
Q

what does the diaphragm do

A

contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the chest cavity and brings about inhalation and exhalation

43
Q

what do the alveoli do

A

site of gas exchange and covered in a dense network of capillaries

44
Q

how does inhalation work

A

diaphragm contracts and moves down, which increases the volume in the chest cavity and decreases the pressure of air in the chest cavity, so air moves in and fills lungs

45
Q

how does exhalation work

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up, which decreases the volume in the chest cavity and increases the pressure of air in the chest cavity, so air moves out and empties lungs

46
Q

what is osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential down the water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane

47
Q

which intercostal muscles contract for inhalation

A

external

48
Q

which intercostal muscles contract for exhalation

A

internal, but is normally passive

49
Q

proportion of gases in inspired air

A

oxygen - 21%
carbon dioxide - 0.04%
nitrogen - 78%

50
Q

proportion of gases in expired air

A

oxygen - 16%
carbon dioxide - 4%
nitrogen - 78%

51
Q

what happens in gas exchange

A

oxygen goes into blood, carbon dioxide goes out of blood

52
Q

what are the parts of the heart

A

left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

53
Q

what is the heart

A

an organ that pumps blood around the body

54
Q

what are the walls of the heart made from

A

muscle

55
Q

what is the average heart rate at rest

A

70bpm

56
Q

what do the valves do in the heart

A

prevent backflow of blood - unidirectional flow

57
Q

what does the septum do

A

stop oxygenated blood mixing with deoxygenated blood

58
Q

what is an artery

A

a vessel going away from the heart

59
Q

what is a vein

A

a vessel going towards the heart

60
Q

what vessel goes to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

61
Q

what vessel goes to the body

A

aorta

62
Q

what vessel comes from the lungs

A

pulmonary vein

63
Q

what vessel comes from the body

A

vena cava

64
Q

which side of the heart has oxygennated blood

A

left

65
Q

what do the coronary arteries do

A

supply blood and remove waste products

66
Q

why are there thicker ventricle walls

A

to pump blood out of the heart

67
Q

which ventricle wall is thicker and why

A

left because it has to pump blood around the entire body

68
Q

what are the features of arteries

A

thick elastic wall, thick muscle wall, narrow lumen, smooth endothelial cells

69
Q

what are the features of veins

A

thin elastic wall, thin muscle wall, wide lumen, have valves

70
Q

what size are the lumens for capillaries

A

8 - 10μm - same as red blood cells

71
Q

what is the purpose of fenestrations in capillaries

A

to let things through (but not red blood cells)

72
Q

what is blood

A

a tissue

73
Q

what are the roles of blood

A
  • transport useful substances to every cell of the body
  • removes harmful waste substances
  • transfers heat from active organs to cooler parts of the body
74
Q

what is the composition of the blood

A

55% RBCs, 45% Plasma, >1% WBCs and platelets

75
Q

features of RBCs

A
  • biconcave shape
  • thin, large surface area- efficient diffusion
  • contain haemoglobin to bind oxygen
  • no nucleus - more haemoglobin
76
Q

features of WBCs

A
  • have a nucleus
  • involved in body’s immune response
77
Q

two types of WBCs

A

phagocytes - chaange shape to engulf and digest micro-organisms
lymphocytes - produce antibodies or antitoxins to kill micro-organisms

78
Q

features of platelets

A
  • no nucleus
  • small fragments of cells
  • help blood to clot at the site of wound - stop blood loss and prevent infection
79
Q

features of plasma

A
  • mostly water - can dissolve many substances
  • acts as a solvent (e.g. for glucose, amino acids etc.)
80
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when blood vessels (coronary arteries) supplying the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked by a build up of fatty material (cholesterol)

81
Q

what does buld up of cholesterol increase the risk of

A

forming blood clots

82
Q

where does cholesterol come from

A

mostly the liver and partly from the diet

83
Q

where is the pacemaker found

A

right atrium

84
Q

what does the pacemaker do

A

controls pumping of the heart by sending out an electrical impulse which spreads to surrounding cells causing them to contract

85
Q

what happens when heart rate is too slow

A

not enough oxygen gets round the body

86
Q

what happens when heart rate is too fast

A

heart can’t pump effectively

87
Q

what happens when heart rate is irregular

A

body doesn’t get a constant supply of oxygen

88
Q

what happens when valves are not closing properly

A

puts extra strain on the heart - leaks backwards

89
Q

what happens when valves are not opening properly

A

puts extra strain on heart - restricts flow

90
Q

what could faulty valves cause

A
  • breathlessness
  • could be fatal

Revision (19 decks)

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