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Revision > Statistics Y10 Collection and Representation of Data EoT test > Flashcards

Statistics Y10 Collection and Representation of Data EoT test Flashcards

1
Q

raw data

A

data before it is sorted

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2
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical observations

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3
Q

qualitative data

A

non-numerical observations

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4
Q

continuous data

A

data that is measurable on a scale

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5
Q

discrete data

A

data that takes particular values

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6
Q

categorical data

A

non-overlapping categories

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7
Q

ordinal data

A

data ordered in a numerical scale

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8
Q

bivariate data

A

pairs of related data

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9
Q

multivariate data

A

three or more sets of data

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10
Q

sampling units

A

the people or items that are to be sampled

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11
Q

sampling frame

A

a list of all the sampling units

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12
Q

Petersen capture-recapture formula

A

total marked / total population = marked sample / sample size (M/N = m/n or N = Mn/m)

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13
Q

advantages of random sampling

A
  • more likely to be representative of poopulation
  • choice of members of sample is unbiased
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14
Q

disadvantages of random sampling

A
  • needs a full list of the whole population
  • needs a large sample size
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15
Q

how can you generate random numbers

A
  • random number generator (e.g. calculator)
  • names from a hat
  • random number table
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16
Q

judgement sampling

A

using your judgement to choose a sample which is representative of the population

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17
Q

oportunity sampling

A

using the people or items available at the time

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18
Q

cluster sampling

A

using natural groups which occur in data

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19
Q

what is the sampling frame in cluster sampling

A

the list of clusters

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20
Q

systematic sampling

A

choose a start point in the sampling frame at random and then choose items

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21
Q

quota sampling

A

group the population by chosen characteristics and take a quota from each group

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22
Q

stratified sampling

A

contains members of each stratum in proportion to the site of the stratum

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23
Q

how do you collect a sample within a stratum

A

randomly

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24
Q

what should you avoid in questionnaires

A
  • complex language
  • bias / leading questions
  • overlapping questions
  • awkward / personal questions
  • must include a timeframe
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25
3 different types of experiments
laboratory experiments, field experiments, natural experiments
26
outliers
data values which are extreme or do not fit the data patterns - can skew data
27
cleaning data
identifying and correcting.removing inaccurate data values, removing symbols / units from data and choose what to do with missing data values
28
control group
group used to test the effect of different factors in an experiment. they are not subjected to any of the factors and are randomly chosen
29
matched pairs
two groups are used to investigate the effect of a particular factor. each individual in one group is paired with an indiivdual in the second group with similar characteristics barring the factor which is to be tested
30
advantage of using identical twins for matched pairs
have very similar characteristics
31
disadvantage of using identical twins for matched pairs
it is difficult to find willing and able identical twins
32
hypothesis
an idea that is to be tested by collecting data
33
what needs to be considered in an experiment
* time * cost * ethics * confidentiality * convenience * selecting the sample * non-responses * unexpected results
34
database
collection of information
35
two-way table
shows information in two categories (bivariate)
36
pictogram
uses symbols or pictures to represent a number of items
37
how should you draw a pictogram
* pictures are the same size * picture can be divided easily * same spacing in each row * key to show what symbols represent
38
how should you draw a bar chart
* bars are equal width, with equal spaces between * the height / length represents frequency
39
vertical line graph
bar chart with lines instead of bars
40
multiple bar charts
have more than one bar for each category with a key - makes it easier to compare frequencies of each category
41
composite bar charts
each bar shows how the total frequency for that category is made up from different component groups - can compare total frequencies and frequencies of groups
42
stem and leaf diagram
shows numerical data spit into a 'stem' and 'leaves'. the numbers are written in order and a key shows how to combine stem + leaf to make the number
43
back-to-back stem and leaf diagram
shows two seta of data with the same stem
44
pie chart
uses area of a circle to represent frequency
45
comparative pie charts
area is proportional to the total frequency in each data set - different radii
46
how to calculate radius in a composite pie chart
R1/R2 = √F1/√F2 or R1 = (R2√F1) / √F2
47
what data is population pyramid used for
continuous - similar to a stem and leaf diagram but represents continuous data
48
advantage of a population pyramid
easily compare by gender and age of a population
49
what are the axes in a histogram
x: class width y: frequency density
50
calculate frequency from a histogram
frequency density * class width or area of bar
51
what type of data does a cumulative frequency diagram represent
continuous
52
what type of data does a cumulative step diagram represent
discrete
53
who uses chloropleth maps
geographers
54
how should you draw a chloropleth map
* shading ranges form light to dark in proportion to the density of the variable * key shows what each shade represents
55
how should scales be
* start at zero * uniform * consistent scales between graphs when comparing
56
what should you have on a diagram
* labelled axes * keys * thin lines * simple colours (probably black & white) * clear and reliable source of data
57
advantage of tables
show exact values
58
disadvantage of tables
do not demonstrate patterns clearly
59
advantage of bar charts and line graphs
show trends and patterns
60
disadvantage of bar charts and line graphs
data can only be read if the changes are small
61
advantage of pie charts
shows proportion
62
disadvantage of pie charts
do not show accurate data values

Revision (24 decks)

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