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Revision > Statistics Y10 Collection and Representation of Data EoT test > Flashcards

Statistics Y10 Collection and Representation of Data EoT test Flashcards

1
Q

raw data

A

data before it is sorted

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2
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical observations

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3
Q

qualitative data

A

non-numerical observations

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4
Q

continuous data

A

data that is measurable on a scale

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5
Q

discrete data

A

data that takes particular values

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6
Q

categorical data

A

non-overlapping categories

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7
Q

ordinal data

A

data ordered in a numerical scale

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8
Q

bivariate data

A

pairs of related data

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9
Q

multivariate data

A

three or more sets of data

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10
Q

sampling units

A

the people or items that are to be sampled

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11
Q

sampling frame

A

a list of all the sampling units

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12
Q

Petersen capture-recapture formula

A

total marked / total population = marked sample / sample size (M/N = m/n or N = Mn/m)

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13
Q

advantages of random sampling

A
  • more likely to be representative of poopulation
  • choice of members of sample is unbiased
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14
Q

disadvantages of random sampling

A
  • needs a full list of the whole population
  • needs a large sample size
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15
Q

how can you generate random numbers

A
  • random number generator (e.g. calculator)
  • names from a hat
  • random number table
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16
Q

judgement sampling

A

using your judgement to choose a sample which is representative of the population

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17
Q

oportunity sampling

A

using the people or items available at the time

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18
Q

cluster sampling

A

using natural groups which occur in data

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19
Q

what is the sampling frame in cluster sampling

A

the list of clusters

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20
Q

systematic sampling

A

choose a start point in the sampling frame at random and then choose items

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21
Q

quota sampling

A

group the population by chosen characteristics and take a quota from each group

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22
Q

stratified sampling

A

contains members of each stratum in proportion to the site of the stratum

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23
Q

how do you collect a sample within a stratum

A

randomly

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24
Q

what should you avoid in questionnaires

A
  • complex language
  • bias / leading questions
  • overlapping questions
  • awkward / personal questions
  • must include a timeframe
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25
Q

3 different types of experiments

A

laboratory experiments, field experiments, natural experiments

26
Q

outliers

A

data values which are extreme or do not fit the data patterns - can skew data

27
Q

cleaning data

A

identifying and correcting.removing inaccurate data values, removing symbols / units from data and choose what to do with missing data values

28
Q

control group

A

group used to test the effect of different factors in an experiment. they are not subjected to any of the factors and are randomly chosen

29
Q

matched pairs

A

two groups are used to investigate the effect of a particular factor. each individual in one group is paired with an indiivdual in the second group with similar characteristics barring the factor which is to be tested

30
Q

advantage of using identical twins for matched pairs

A

have very similar characteristics

31
Q

disadvantage of using identical twins for matched pairs

A

it is difficult to find willing and able identical twins

32
Q

hypothesis

A

an idea that is to be tested by collecting data

33
Q

what needs to be considered in an experiment

A
  • time
  • cost
  • ethics
  • confidentiality
  • convenience
  • selecting the sample
  • non-responses
  • unexpected results
34
Q

database

A

collection of information

35
Q

two-way table

A

shows information in two categories (bivariate)

36
Q

pictogram

A

uses symbols or pictures to represent a number of items

37
Q

how should you draw a pictogram

A
  • pictures are the same size
  • picture can be divided easily
  • same spacing in each row
  • key to show what symbols represent
38
Q

how should you draw a bar chart

A
  • bars are equal width, with equal spaces between
  • the height / length represents frequency
39
Q

vertical line graph

A

bar chart with lines instead of bars

40
Q

multiple bar charts

A

have more than one bar for each category with a key - makes it easier to compare frequencies of each category

41
Q

composite bar charts

A

each bar shows how the total frequency for that category is made up from different component groups - can compare total frequencies and frequencies of groups

42
Q

stem and leaf diagram

A

shows numerical data spit into a ‘stem’ and ‘leaves’. the numbers are written in order and a key shows how to combine stem + leaf to make the number

43
Q

back-to-back stem and leaf diagram

A

shows two seta of data with the same stem

44
Q

pie chart

A

uses area of a circle to represent frequency

45
Q

comparative pie charts

A

area is proportional to the total frequency in each data set - different radii

46
Q

how to calculate radius in a composite pie chart

A

R1/R2 = √F1/√F2 or
R1 = (R2√F1) / √F2

47
Q

what data is population pyramid used for

A

continuous - similar to a stem and leaf diagram but represents continuous data

48
Q

advantage of a population pyramid

A

easily compare by gender and age of a population

49
Q

what are the axes in a histogram

A

x: class width y: frequency density

50
Q

calculate frequency from a histogram

A

frequency density * class width or area of bar

51
Q

what type of data does a cumulative frequency diagram represent

A

continuous

52
Q

what type of data does a cumulative step diagram represent

A

discrete

53
Q

who uses chloropleth maps

A

geographers

54
Q

how should you draw a chloropleth map

A
  • shading ranges form light to dark in proportion to the density of the variable
  • key shows what each shade represents
55
Q

how should scales be

A
  • start at zero
  • uniform
  • consistent scales between graphs when comparing
56
Q

what should you have on a diagram

A
  • labelled axes
  • keys
  • thin lines
  • simple colours (probably black & white)
  • clear and reliable source of data
57
Q

advantage of tables

A

show exact values

58
Q

disadvantage of tables

A

do not demonstrate patterns clearly

59
Q

advantage of bar charts and line graphs

A

show trends and patterns

60
Q

disadvantage of bar charts and line graphs

A

data can only be read if the changes are small

61
Q

advantage of pie charts

A

shows proportion

62
Q

disadvantage of pie charts

A

do not show accurate data values

Revision (19 decks)

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