Biology Y9 Pathogens Flashcards
scientific name and type of pathogen for Food Poisoning
salmonella - bacterial
type of pathogen for HIV
viral
type of pathogen for TMV
viral
type of pathogen for Malaria
protist
type of pathogen for Rose Black Spot
fungal
type of pathogen for Gonorrhoea
bacterial
type of pathogen for Measles
viral
symptoms of Food Poisoning
fever, cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
symptoms of Gonorrhoea
yellow/green discharge and pain in urination
symptoms of Measles
fever, red skin rash, sometimes blindness ad brain damage
symptoms of HIV
leads to AIDS, flu-like symptoms and attacks imune cells
symptoms of TMV
mosaic pattern on leaves of discolouration and cannot photosynthesise
symptoms of Malaria
cycling fevers, shaking and damage to red blood cells
symptoms of Rose Black Spot
purple/black spots on leaves, cannot photosynthesise and leaves turn yellow and drop early
treatment for Food Poisoning
mostly just suffer, but antibiotics used for old and young people and people with health conditions
treatment for Gonorrhoea
antibiotics
treatment for HIV
no cure, but treatment to reduce it to undetectable
treatment for Malaria
anti-malarial drugs
treatment for Rose Black Spot
fungicides, or kill/isolate it
treatment for TMV
kill/isolate it
how Food Poisoning is spread
food and water
how Gonorrhoea is spread
unprotected sex
how Measles is spread
inhalation of droplets from coughs/sneezes
how HIV is spread
unprotected sex, blood and sometimes through breastmilk
how TMV is spread
direct contact and insect vectors
how Malaria is spread
mosquitoes
how Rose Black Spot is spread
spores - through water and wind
how Food Poisoning can be prevented
cook food properly, wash hands/wear gloves, ensure food is in date and wash food
how Gonorrhoea can be prevented
using a condom/barrier method and limiting number of sexual partners
how Measles can be prevented
vaccination and isolation
how HIV can be prevented
PreP drugs and using condoms
how TMV can be prevented
pest control and good field hygiene
how Malaria can be prevented
vaccination, kill mosquitoes and avoid being bitten
how Rose Black Spot can be prevented
breeding of resistant strains
what is health
a state of physical and mental wellbeing
what contributes to poor health
diet (e.g. starvation), stress (e.g. mental health) and life situations (e.g. living environment)
what is a communicable disease
a disease that can be spread from person to person
what is a non-communicable disease
a disease that can not be spread from person to person
how can a disease spread (3 ways)
pathogens, an animal or object
does correlation mean causation
no
what is the risk factor
something that increases your chance of getting a disease
what is incidence
the number of people diagnosed with a particluar disease in a particular population of people at a particular time
what is prevalence
the number of people who have a particular condition regardless of whether they were just diagnosed or even whether they have been diagnosed at all
what is mortality
the number of deaths per unit of population from a specific disease
life-style risk factors
smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet and lack of exercise
environmental risk factors
exposure to ionising radiation and exposure to carcinogens
inherited risk factors
genes
what is sampling
taking a sample - a smaller representation of the whole
what is a pathogen
a microorganism that causes an infectious disease
what can be pathogens
bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists but most are not
Viruses are/aren’t alive. Viruses do/don’t have cells
aren’t, don’t
how do bacteria multiply
by binary fission
examples of airborne transmission
viruses and bacteria travel in droplets and fungi by airborne spores
examples of direct touch
surfaces, skin, sexual transmission, wounds and needles
examples of unclean food/water transmission
fungal spores in water splashes, raw and undercooked food, contaminated water and sewage
how to protect against airborne transmission
wear masks, cover coughs/sneezes and isolation
how to protect against direct touch
wash hands and avoid close contact
how to protect against unclean food/water
only drink clean water and cook food properly
why do bacteria make us feel ill
bacteria may produce poisons that damage tissues and make us feel ill
why do viruses make us feel ill
viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage
do plants have an immune system
no
can plants be affected by pathogens
yes
what are plants vulnerable to
fungi, some bacteria and plant-eating insects
how do insects damage plants (2 ways)
destroying plants directly and acting as vectors of disease
how can you avoid plant pathogens spreading
isolation and burning, spreading plants out, use of chemicals and genetic modification
what are plants’ chemical defenses against herbivores
antiseptic production, antibiotic chemical production, bitter tasting chemicals and insecticides
how do plants avoid being eaten (5 ways)
poisons, hairs, thorns, mimicry and nastic response (moving when touched)
what mineral deficiencies can plants have
nitrate ion deficiency and magnesium ion definciency
what do plants need nitrate ions for
converting sugars into protein
what do plants need magnesium ions for
making chlorophyll for photosynthesis
how can you recognise diseases in plants
stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of decay, abnormal growths, malformed stems and leaves, discolouration and seeing insects/eggs/larvae on plants
how can you identify a plant’s disease
books with pictures/descriptions, the internet, laboratory tests - DNA/deficiencies and home test kits using monoclonal antibodies
