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Revision > Biology Y9 Medicines EoT test > Flashcards

Biology Y9 Medicines EoT test Flashcards

1
Q

name 6 external defences for humans

A

tears, nose and ear hairs, urinary tract, cilia and mucus in trachea, skin, stomach

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2
Q

how do tears protect you

A

they are antimicrobial lysozyme chemicals

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3
Q

how do nose and ear hairs protect you

A

the wax/mucus catch airborne pathogens

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4
Q

how does the urinary tract protect you

A

regular urination helps keep the urethra clear of pathogens

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5
Q

how do cilia and mucus in trachea protect you

A

mucus catches pathogens and cilia are hair-like structures that waft mucus up

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6
Q

how does skin protect you (3 ways)

A

antimicrobial secretions (sebum), acts as a barrier, commensal bacteria

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7
Q

how does the stomach protect you

A

hydrochloric acid destroys pathogens

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8
Q

how do scabs protect you

A

platelets found in blood form a ‘clotting cascade’ whe they detect damage to skin/blood vessel where the platelets, red blood cells and a type of protein form clots/scabs.

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9
Q

what is an internal defence

A

a defence which only plays a role when pathogens/.foreign material gets into healthy tissues

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10
Q

name an internal defence

A

white blood cells

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11
Q

what steps do white blood cells follow before attacking pathogens/foreign material

A

1) recognise that there is a pathogen/infected cell present
2) recognise foreign antigens

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12
Q

what does a white blood cell do after recognising foreign antigens (3 steps)

A

1) phagocytosis (engulfs the pathogen)
2) produce antibodies
3) produce antitoxins

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13
Q

what is an antibody

A

a Y-shaped protein that sticks to pathogens to target them for destruction

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14
Q

what do antitoxins do

A

reduce the effect of bacterial toxins

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15
Q

once a foreign antigen is detected, a white blood cell which is specific and ______ will activate

A

complementary

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16
Q

what does a memory cell do

A

remembers the antigen and recognises it faster, for a bigger and quicker response (antibody production)

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17
Q

what does a plasma cell do

A

produce millions of antibodies

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18
Q

where are the antibodies released

A

into the blood

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19
Q

what do antibodies bind to

A

the specific antigens

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20
Q

what do antibodies do to pathogens (3 things)

A

kill pathogens, stick pathogens together, mark pathogens for destruction

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21
Q

when do antibodies stop being produced

A

once the infection has been cleared

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22
Q

what are memory cells

A

copies of the plasma cell stored for later

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23
Q

what happens upon re-exposure to a pathogen

A

the response is bigger and faster - often no symptoms

24
Q

what does the peak number of antibodies mean

A

pathogens are gone and antibodies aren’t needed

25
Q

what is immunity

A

if you become infected a second time the response is bigger and faster

26
Q

how does vaccination work

A

a dead or inactive version of a pathogen is used to stimulate a safe immune response

27
Q

where is a vaccine introduced

A

into our body

28
Q

what is herd immunity

A

if a large proportion of a population is immune to a disease, the ability for the pathogen to spread is greatly reduced

29
Q

what is the mortality rate of Ebola

A

50%

30
Q

why should you vaccinate (3 reasons)

A

1) protect yourself from serious diseases
2) cheaper to vaccinate than to treat disease
3) less of a societal burden

31
Q

how to treat viral infection

A

antivirals

32
Q

how to treat fungal infection

A

antifungals

33
Q

how to treat bacterial infection

A

antibiotics

34
Q

what do painkillers do

A

relieve the symptoms

35
Q

do painkillers affect the pathogen

A

no

36
Q

where are disinfectants applied

A

onto objects and surfaces

37
Q

what do disinfectants do

A

destroy most biological tissue/cells including human cells

38
Q

where are antiseptics applied

A

to wounds

39
Q

what do antiseptics do

A

help remove infectious pathogens before they infect the tissue around the wound

40
Q

what do antiseptics allow to happen

A

many patients can survivefrom surgery without infection

41
Q

who first attempted antiseptics and when

A

Joseph Lister in late 1800s

42
Q

what do antibiotics do

A

specifically damage bacteria and not human cells

43
Q

what do antibiotics ultimately cause to happen

A

kills pathogens or stops them reproducing

44
Q

what does a larger zone of inhibition mean

A

the antibiotic/antiseptic is more effective

45
Q

what does a smaller zone of inhibition mean

A

the antibiotic/antiseptic is less effective

46
Q

what does digitalis come from

A

foxgloves

47
Q

what does aspirin come from

A

willow trees

48
Q

who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

49
Q

what is a good medicine (5 things)

A

efficient (efficacious), safe, stable, easy to administer, successfully taken and removed from the body

50
Q

what are drugs researched on (in order)

A

1) cells/tissue cultures
2) small animals e.g. rats, mice, rabbits
3) larger animals e.g. horses, dogs
4) humans

51
Q

what are clinical trials

A

trials done on humans

52
Q

what are the steps of trials on humans

A

1) healthy humans - test for side-effects/toxicity
2) patients with disease - test for efficacy and safety
3) bigger groups of patients - test efficacy and safety
4) peer review

53
Q

what is peer review

A

other scientists reviewing the data

54
Q

why is peer review used

A

to remove bias from the trial

55
Q

what are double blind trials

A

there are two groups - one gets the drug and one gets a placebo - does nothing

56
Q

why are double blind trials used

A

to remove the psychological effect

Revision (16 decks)

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