Genitourinary System (Electrolyte Imbalances)

Question 1

What helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance?

Answer 1

• Thirst mechanism
• Circulating ADH

Question 2

What is Dehydration?

Answer 2

Excessive loss of body fluids.

• Fluid output > fluid input

Question 3

What electrolyte deficiency is closely related to dehydration?

Answer 3

Sodium Deficiency

Question 4

What can cause dehydration?

Answer 4

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Profuse Sweating
• Poor fluid intake

Question 5

Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration?

Answer 5

• Poor skin turgor
• headache; irritability
• Postural Hypotension
• Incoordination
• Lethargy
• Disorientation

Question 6

Normal Serum Level of Potassium?

Answer 6

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L

Question 7

Causes of Hypokalemia?

Answer 7

• Cushing’s Disease
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting

Question 8

Signs and Symptoms of Hypokalemia? Affect on an EKG?

Answer 8

• Muscle Weakness. Aches and Fatigue
• N/V

Cardiac Arrythmias:

• ST Segment Depression
• T wave inversion
• Prominent U Wave

Question 9

Causes of Hyperkalemia?

Answer 9

• Addison’s Disease
• Metabolic Acidosis
• Ketoacidosis
• Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 10

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia? (EKG)

Answer 10

• Tall/Peaked T waves
• Prolonged P-R interval
• Flattened P- Wave
• Long QRS Duration (wide QRS complex)

Question 11

Normal Serum Sodium Levels?

Answer 11

135 - 145mEq/L

Question 12

What can cause Hyponatremia?

Answer 12

• Water intoxication

Question 13

Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia?

Answer 13

• Confusion
• Convulsions
• Increased Intracerebral Pressure

Question 14

What can cause Hypernatremia?

Answer 14

• Dehydration

Question 15

Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia?

Answer 15

• Circulatory Congestion: Pitting edema, weight gain
• Dyspnea; SOB
• Hypertension
• Tachycardia

Question 16

Normal Serum Calcium Levels?

Answer 16

8.4 - 10.4 mEq/L

Question 17

Causes of Hypocalcemia?

Answer 17

• Hyperphosphatemia
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D

Question 18

Signs and Symptoms of Hypocalcemia?

Answer 18

• Muscle Cramps, Tetany, Spasms
• Convulsion
• Arrythmia’s
• Hypotension

“C for Cramps”

Question 19

Causes of Hypercalcemia?

Answer 19

• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Tumor

Question 20

Normal Serum Magnesium Levels?

Answer 20

1.8 - 2.4 mg/dL

Question 21

Signs and symptoms of Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 21

• Hyperirritability
• Confusion
• Leg and Foot Cramps

Question 22

What can cause hypermagnesemia?

Answer 22

• Addison’s disease
• Hypothyroidism

Question 23

Signs and Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia? Effects on Reflexes?

Answer 23

• Hyporeflexia
• Muscle Weakness
• Lethargy and Confusion
• Bradycardia and Hypotension

Excess magnesium depresses the conduction system of the heart

Question 24

What may cause hyperventilation to occur (acid-base imbalance)

Answer 24

Metabolic Acidosis and Respiratory Acidosis

Question 25

What may cause hypoventilation to occur (acid-base imbalance)

Answer 25

Metabolic Alkalosis and Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 26

What can cause Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 26

Hypoparathyroidism