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Genetics Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dna has code that makes us us. We are a collection of proteins and molecules that are made up by instructions of dna.

A

Dna has code that makes us us. We are a collection of proteins and molecules that are made up by instructions of dna.

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2
Q

Dn overriding code that makes up ______

A

RNA

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3
Q

Dna tells cell what to do by creating copies of ________

A

RNA

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4
Q

Dna is made up of ___ main components that make up a ______

A

3
Nucleotide

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5
Q

DNA structure

A

1 sugar and 1 phosphate and 1 nitrogenous base

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6
Q

Purine structure

A

Purine is double ring

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7
Q

Pyrimidine structure

A

Pyrimidine is single ringed

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8
Q

Purine and pyrimidine want to make

A

3 hydrogen bonds guanine cytosine

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9
Q

Antiparallel 5

A

Free phosphate 5 prime end

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10
Q

Antiparallel 3

A

Sugar 3 prime end

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11
Q

Available on opposite end of dna

A

Antiparallel

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12
Q

Why is free sugar important for antiparralell

A

phosphate connects to sugar 3 prime end. Make dna and rna on that prime end

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13
Q

Weakest bond is ________ in middle, bonds that hold sugars to phosphates are strong

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

Why do hydrogen bonds need to be week?

A

they unzip like a zipper, replicate dna because of that

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15
Q

Rna vs dna is ______

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

Semi conservative half gets split in the middle and gets replicated

A

DNA replication and repair

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17
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

Dna missing oxygen on sugar
Dna is double stranded
Dna only found in nucleus, if not in nucleus foreigners broken down
Rna can leave nucleus to go to cytoplasm to break proteins
Dna holds genetic info, rna makes proteins

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18
Q

How is semi conservative right?

A

Heavy nitrogen tracks how strands replicated

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19
Q

_________ work on top of dna, tightly formed dna, release tension and unwined dna

A

Topoisomers

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20
Q

____________ breaks the hydrogen bonds down the middle, hydrogens want to make bonds

A

DNA Helicase

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21
Q

__________binding proteins prevent forming together to prevent replication

A

Single stranded

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22
Q

_______ lays down 10 nucleotides that are RNA based.

A

Rna primase

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23
Q

Process of RNA polymerase

A

Polymerase attach and do work
RNA not dna
Dna polymerase change rna nucleotides into Dna nucleotides

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24
Q

Dna polymerase 3 lays down code. Picks up nucleotides and put it in proper order

A

Dna polymerase 3 lays down code. Picks up nucleotides and put it in proper order

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25
Q

Lay down code in
Read code in

A

3’ - 5’
5’ - 3’

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26
Q

Bubble formed

A

3 prime lays down primer rna polymerase
Polymerase 3 lays down code
Non stop until end
Helicase unzips
Reading in 3 to 5, going from 5 to 3

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27
Q

______ can’t start process because dna process has to open up

A

Lagging strand

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28
Q

Lagging strand has to lay down primer and _____

A

code

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29
Q

_______ lay down code and new primer, small chunks made during dna replication

A

Okazaki fragments

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30
Q

By laying down primer and code _______ has to get rid of rna primers and get rid of code

A

okazaki frag polymerase 1

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31
Q

Phosphodiester need to be glue because dna poly 3 will do it but the gap has to be sealed

A

DNA ligase

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32
Q

enzymes that work on nucleic acids removes
helps in process of removing things that shouldn’t be there
Is an editor, so code is layed down

A

Exonuclease

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33
Q

Replication fork is unzipped part caused by ______

A

Helicase

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34
Q

Transcription rna polymerase to do _________

A

Transcription rna polymerase to do unraveling of dna

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35
Q

_____ transfers amino acids in sequence in order to lay out polypeptides

A

TRNA

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36
Q

Translation Stages same as transcription

A

Translation Stages same as transcription

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37
Q

transfers amino acid to polypeptide chain

A

TRNA

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38
Q

________ pairs with amino acid trna is responsible for carrying to ribosome

A

Anticodon

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39
Q

______ ______ variety of codons to prevent errors taking place in production of proteins

A

Wobble Hypothesis

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40
Q

RNA structure

A

Ribosomes are made of RRNA, 2 subunits come together and sandwich RNA

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41
Q

Ribosomes want to attach to the

A

Methylated cap

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42
Q

As ribosome moves across, a, p and e spot
A is..
T is..
E is..

A

A accepter TRNA comes in
p peptide bonds form
E TRNA is released

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43
Q

ribosome attaches to mrna at 5 prime end,
moves to AUG start codon,
anti codon AUC,
ribosome moves across and TRNA arrive at a spot.

A

Initiation

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44
Q

Elongation amino acids need to form a bond and needs energy.
What energy is used?

A

GTP

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45
Q

peptide bond forms,
TRNA released,
picks up amino acid,
cycle continues

A

Elongation

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46
Q

There is no TRNA that has anticodon for stop codon

A

Termination stop codon

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47
Q

TRNA goes away,
polypeptide goes away

A

Termination release factor

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48
Q

modifications add sugar, add phosphate, remove amino acid

A

Post translational

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49
Q

Eukaryotes 4 primary ways to control the expression of genes

A

Transcription
Post transcription
Translational
post translation

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50
Q

regulates gene being transcribed. Actual speed, or when its being transcribes (when needed)

A

Transcriptional

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51
Q

before MRNA can be released have to put a regulated cap. No enzymes to break so sits in stage until we need

A

Post transcription

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52
Q

one MRNA is released in cytoplasm protected by tail. Sits in cytoplasm until needed. regulate how fast it happens

A

Translational

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53
Q

produced polypeptide chain. Make it functional by folding/bending/binding. Example making of insulin

A

Post translational:

54
Q

Skin is constantly being replaced Cells need different proteins like dna polymerase
example of

A

Dna replication

55
Q

genes that control breakdown of lactose

A

Regulatory gene

56
Q

Bacteria only makes a couple of enzymes because only made in

A

glycolysis

57
Q

Sections of dna that code for sections of dna
Lac ____ and trip _____

A

Operons

58
Q

section of dna that codes outside

A

Operon

59
Q
  • rna polymerase attaches and starts process of reading genes
    Promoter is where start is
  • has a binding site
    Regulatory gene different location where rna polymerase makes repressor molecule.
  • Prevented from making what we wanna make
A

Operator and promoter region

60
Q
  • Need enzyme to break lactose called beta galactosidase.
  • Needs to go through transcription and translation for b galactosidase
    Doesnt produce if not needed, operon turned off.
  • Presence of lactose turns on or off trans..
A

Lac Operon

61
Q

permeability embeds itself in membrane in bacteria
gate to let lactose into cell

A

E.coli galactosidase permiase

62
Q

breaks down glucose and galactose

A

Beta galacasidase

63
Q

consume lactose easly

A

Lac z gene

64
Q

repressor molecule

A

Lac i gene

65
Q

consume lactose easly

A

Lac a gene

66
Q

Genes can only turn on if _____ is present. Neg and pos

A

Lactose

67
Q

If lactose is present its known as

A

inducer

68
Q

Binds to repressor,
changes confirmation,
rna polymerase can make rna

A

Inducer

69
Q

limiting amino acids. Body can produce it.

A

TRp operon

70
Q

____ affect pigmentation example (heterochromia)

A

mutations

71
Q

How do frogs get mutations?

A

Frogs absorb things through their skin, toxins get in

72
Q

What is a positive effect of mutations?

A
  • chimpanzee ancestors
  • resistance to disease (covid)
73
Q

mutation sub 1 letter

A

Substitution

74
Q

no consequence and neutral no impact

A

Silent mutation

75
Q
  • Take out intron which is spliced out - change in nitrogenous base that gives the same amino acid. (wobble)
  • Different letter, same amino acid.
    C for U, still glycine.
A

Silent mutation

76
Q

______ mutation change base

A

Missense

77
Q
  • One letter changes and changes amino acid.
    GGC to AGC from gly to ser.
    Might not be functional.
A

Missense

78
Q

Example of Missense

A

sickle cell anemia gives blood round shape, makes it half moon shape. Doesnt come together the way its supposed to

79
Q

Why do people who live where malaria is immune to malaria if you have sickle cell?

A

If yorue heterozygous for sickle cell and you live where malaria is present, you have sickle cells that dont carry nutrience for parasite. They dont get nutrience so you cant get malaria

80
Q
  • change nitrogenous base. Dont produce protein.
  • Produce premature stop codon (AAG to UAG, Lys to Stop) (EXAMPLE not producing blood, body needs it)
A

Nonsense mutation

81
Q
  • delete or add nitrogones base.
  • Everything gets moved
  • Deletion deletes something
    (UUUG to delete U to UUG) everything shifts over
A

Frameshift mutations

82
Q

adds a letter
(AAG U to UAA GU) gets shifted again
stop codon possibility

A

Insertion

83
Q
  • larger scale, large chunk of DNA to another chunk
  • Takes section of chromosome and swaps location with another chromosome
  • Information is there located somewhere else
A

Translocation

84
Q

flip things around
No info lost, gets flipped.
(abcdef to adcbef)

A

Inversions

85
Q

corn colour change genes same chromosome but different location

A

Transposons

86
Q

Induced can change

A

Radiation
Radiatio messes with how bonds are formed (dimers)
Thats why dental offices dont want to do xrays
Chemicals may or may not have affects. (AI sweeteners proteins get eliminated)
carcinogen can cause cancer (to prevent use sunscreen)

87
Q

create hydrogen bond beside them instead of across

A

Dimers

88
Q

made up of sugar, a phosphate group, and 4 nitrogenous bases

A

Nucleotides

89
Q

Cells prevent ______ or permanent changes in DNA sequence

A

mutations

90
Q

DNA fixing mispaired bases

A

Proofreading

91
Q

build DNA in cells

A

DNA polymerases

92
Q

transmits genetic info from parent to offspring

A

DNA nucelic acid

93
Q

double strand dna copied to produce identical dna molecules (unzip, break weak hydrogen bonds

A

Dna replication

94
Q

_____ are the lines, genetic info

A

Rungs

95
Q

_____ made up of sugar and phosphate. Sugar is deoxyrubase, phosphate is acid

A

Backbone

96
Q

Can only add nucleotides on ____ prime end

A

3’

97
Q

_____ puts new “zippers” on each end, small fragments

A

Okazaki

98
Q

messenger for dna and ribosomes

A

MRNA

99
Q

DNA to RNA

A

DOGMA

100
Q

Structural components for ribosome

A

RRNA

101
Q

bring amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

TRNA

102
Q

One old strand and one new strand

A

semi conservative

103
Q

single origin mostly A/T pairs. Makes dna easier to separate

A

Ecoli.

104
Q

gene that can change function and structure of protein

A

mutation

105
Q

To reproduce diploid chromosomes produce ______ which are haploid

A

gamates

106
Q

why is lactose intolerant normal

A

mammals genes shut off so you can’t process lactose

107
Q

Why can crops grow longer in snow

A

took genes from cod fish

108
Q

S strain composed of ____

A

S strain composed of sugars

109
Q

_____ strand non virulent pneumococcus, sick but survive

A

R strand

110
Q

If a mouse is infected with an r strand, why will it survive if heated?

A

denatured protiens

111
Q

compacts dna
cromatin
regulation of gene expression

A

histone

112
Q

twisting of dna
positive and negative

A

supercoils

113
Q

ends of chromosomes
protect genetic material
protective caps

A

telomers

114
Q

reads same on both strands
ATGCAT
TACGTA

A

palindromic sequences

115
Q

Seperate dna and rna

A

electrophoresis

116
Q
  • takes dna and heats, DENATURES, unravels dna,
  • cooling freezes is for polymerase to ATTACHES TO OPEN SITE,
  • taq polymerase synthesizes NEW DNA STRAND
A

Polymerase chain reaction
PCR

117
Q

DNA sample collected
many copies made
broken down in pieces
arranged in correct order
genome assembled

A

Human Genome Project

118
Q

Use bacteria and ________ to cut DNA in the spot.

A

endonucleases

119
Q

________ replicate virus and virus spreads

A

Endonucleases replicate virus and virus spread

120
Q

Restriction enzymes
- palindromic sequence and cuts DNA.
Bonds between phosphate and sugar, and hydrogen and nitrogenous bases

A

Restriction enzymes
- palindromic sequence and cuts DNA.
Bonds between phosphate and sugar, and hydrogen and nitrogenous bases

121
Q

Enzymes add on _______ group and helps in where we cut

A

Methyl

122
Q

Why do we use Plasmids for manipulation

A

less nucleotides

123
Q

How are plasmids used in the production of insulin

A
  • Cow pancreas extracts mL of insulin
  • Restriction enzymes cut plasmid
  • inserted genes for insulin
  • glue and put inside bacteria.
  • Plasmids produce insulin
124
Q

in electriphoresis dna can move through

A

gel pores
smaller go further

125
Q

If a wrong amino acid is incorporated, it can be recognized and corrected before the next amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.

A

proof reading

126
Q

Transcription has three stages

A

initiation, elongation, and termination.

127
Q

transcription is the process of copying out the DNA sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of RNA.

A

transcription is the process of copying out the DNA sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of RNA.

128
Q

The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence.

A

The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence.

129
Q

template for RNA polymerase
polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of complementary nucleotides
uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

A

Elongation

130
Q

RNA transcript is complete.
transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.

A

Termination

131
Q
A

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