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Bio > Enzyme Cell and Membrane Test > Flashcards

Enzyme Cell and Membrane Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance that speeds reaction

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2
Q

Enzyme shape determines which reaction it catalyzes (same both sides)

A

Enzyme shape determines which reaction it catalyzes

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3
Q

Why are enzymes considered to be biological catalysts?

A

speed reaction, works under living organism conditions

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4
Q

Describe the model of induced fit

A

Enzyme changes shape/confirmation so enzyme can bind to substrate

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5
Q

Enzymes substrate complex and what happens at an active site

A

Enzyme binds to one or more substrate,
converts to one or more product, Catalyze reaction repeats and binds

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6
Q

How does an active site differ from an allosteric site

A

Active site: location for catalyse reaction, hydrophobic
Allosteric site: changes shape in enzyme

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7
Q

Cofactor

A

-non protein group
-binds to enzyme
-metals
-production of energy function requires cofactor

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8
Q

Coenzyme

A

-Shuttle molecules from one enzyme to another
-NAD is electron carrier of pathways
-Organic molecule acts as cofactor for enzyme

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9
Q

methods of enzyme inhibition

A

-Lowers catalyzes rate
-Decrease activity
-Fits in active site
-Block access to normal substrate thats why activity is slow

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10
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

-Concentration is high enough it stops completely
-They compete for a spot in the active site

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11
Q

Non competitive

A

-don’t compete for a spot
-bind to a location other than the active site
-Can’t bind easily because they change shape

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12
Q

Allosteric sites

A

-behave like non competitive reversible inhibitors.
-Bind to site thats not active site, changes shape

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13
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

-protein affected by a molecule binding to another site that’s not the active site

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14
Q

Role of feedback inhibition

A

-Product of allosteric regulation
-Prevents resources being wasted

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15
Q

Feedback inhibition examples

A

-thermostat connected to heater
-a cell does not need to break down glucose if there’s enough energy

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16
Q

Animal cells vs plant cells

A

-Animal cells have a centrosome and lysosomes
-Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, vacuole

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17
Q

Eukaryotes vs prokaryots

A

-Eukaryotes internal components organelles. cytoskeleton. Mitosis cell division
-Prokaryotes have no membrane. Nucleoid dna. Sexual and asexual

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18
Q

4 ROLES OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS *

A

Transport,
enzyme,
triggering signals,
Attachment and recognition

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19
Q

DEFINITION OF
Transport
Enzyme activity
Triggering signals
Attachment and recognition

A

Transport ions across membrane
Enzyme activity membrane proteins act as enzymes
Triggering signals binding chemicals trigger changes
Attachment and recognition internal and external membrane attachment point for cytoskeleton

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20
Q

main role of protien membrane 1/4
Transport

A

Transport ions across membrane

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21
Q

main role of protien membrane 2/4
Enzyme activity

A

Enzyme activity membrane proteins act as enzymes

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22
Q

main role of protien membrane 3/4
Triggering signals

A

Triggering signals binding chemicals trigger changes

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23
Q

main role of protien membrane 4/4
Attachment and recognition

A

Attachment and recognition internal and external membrane attachment point for cytoskeleton

24
Q

Integral membrane

A

Integral membrane protein embedded in lipid bilayer

25
Q

Peripheral membrane

A

Peripheral membrane protein on surface

26
Q

Passive transport

A

-moves substances across membrane without energy
-diffusion drives passive transport

27
Q

Active transport

A

Active transport uses energy to move molecules from low to high concentration, uses pumps

28
Q

concentration gradient

A

Influence movement of solute, moves down gradient, energy required, atp

29
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is movement from high concentration to low

30
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis diffusion of water across membrane

31
Q

Hypotonic

A

Hypotonic lower solute concentration, can burst

32
Q

Hypertonic

A

Hypertonic higher solute concentration, can shrink

33
Q

Isotonic

A

Isotonic same concentration as others

34
Q

Channel proteins

A

Channel proteins hydrophilic pathway, water molecules pass through

35
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Protein carries and transport across bilayer

36
Q

Primary active

A

Primary active directly utilizes energy, lower to high concentration, Na k pump,

37
Q

Secondary Active

A

Secondary Active relies on primary energy, symport same direction, antiport opposite direction

38
Q

** Na K

A

Na K pump sodium ions out, potassium ions in, ATP changes shape of protien, resembles nerve

39
Q

Role of ATP in transport

A

-Atp used to move substances against their gradients,
-immediate energy source
-Used with exocytosis and endocytosis

40
Q

Endocytosis (enter)

A

Endocytosis goes into the cell, carries proteins and large molecules into cell (enter)

41
Q

Exocytosis (exit)

A

Exocytosis protein and waste out of cell (exit)

42
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis cell eating

43
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Pinocytosis cell drinking, water taken in

44
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

-Molecules taken in bound by receptors
- forms vesicle fuses with lysosome

45
Q

Role and process of exocytosis

A

Vesicle formation (waste is trapped), vesicle transport (waste moving towards membrane), membrane fusion, release

46
Q

Lock and key model

A

Must have same shape for bonding

47
Q

Enzymes function by

A

-lowering activation
- TWISTING AND BENDING

48
Q

Inducer and inhibitor

A

Inducer: increase activity
Inhibit: slow things down

49
Q

Enzyme activator

A

promotes enzyme function in turned off enzymes

50
Q

** Selectivity Permeable

A

-allows certain molecules to pass through,
large molecules cant pass without surgars

51
Q

Protiens can be amphipathic

A

polar and non polar

52
Q

Things that effect diffusion

A

high to low
concentration and pressure

53
Q

Tonicity

A

size of cell will change
turgor

54
Q

Result of osmosis

A

hypertonic

55
Q

Phospholipid tails are..
Phospholipid heads are..

A

hydrophobic tail
hydrophilic heads

56
Q

Simple disfusion

A

small nonpolar substances move across membrane

Bio (9 decks)

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