Cellular Resp Test Flashcards
1
Q
Kinetic energy
A
Energy in motion
2
Q
Potential Energy
A
Stored energy
3
Q
Work energy
A
Transfer of energy from one place to another
4
Q
First law of therodynamics
A
Energy is constant
Energy can’t be created or destroyed
Can convert
5
Q
Example of first law therodynamics
A
Plants capture sun energy and convert to energy in carbohydrates
6
Q
Second law of therodynamics
A
Energy can’t be transfered without loss of useful energy
Increases entropy
7
Q
Entropy
A
Random energy
Can’t do work
8
Q
Gibbs free energy
A
Some energy is useful and can do work
9
Q
Exergonic reaction
A
Spontaneous
Involves decrease in gibs free energy
10
Q
Endergonic reaction
A
Not spontaneous
Involves increase in gibs free energy
11
Q
Lost energy
A
Thermal energy
Can’t be recovered
Lost heat can keep body temp stable
12
Q
Sun provides energy to keep cycle going is an example of what energy
A
Lost energy
13
Q
Bond energy
A
Stable
14
Q
Activation energy
A
Amount of energy bonds to break reactant bond and get reaction started
15
Q
Change in energy is heat or enthalpy
A
Change in energy is heat or enthalpy
16
Q
Net energy relaxed
Extra energy to destablize
Example of a ___ thermic reaction
A
Exothermic
17
Q
Net thermal energy absorbed
Larger activation
Example of a ____ Thermic reaction
A
Endothermic
18
Q
Metabolism
A
Fuels mechanical work of cell
Reactant bonds break
Bonds form
19
Q
Catabolic reaction
A
Breakdown of substances
20
Q
Anabolic reaction
A
Build complex substances from smaller units
21
Q
Oxidation
A
Lose electrons
22
Q
Reduction
A
Gain electrons
22
Q
ATP ases
A
Decompositionof ATP to ADP
Direct energy
23
Q
Kin ases
A
Donates phosphate
24
Function of ATP
recycleable
made when needed
25
ATP is used for
pumps, macromolecules, mechanical work, lower activation levels
26
If glucose bonds brake at same time cells would..
fry
27
Sugar has so much energy that if released it would..
catch on fire
28
Break glucose slowly to preserve energy
same on both side
Break glucose slowly to preserve energy
29
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP
Allows for energy to be released for work (gibs free energy)
Minimize energy loss
30
Aerobic reaction
metabolic pathway
generates ATP using OXYGEN
31
Substrate level
uses ADP as substrate
enzyme will add phosphate
32
Oxidative phosphorylation
needs co enzyme
pumps ions to other side of membrane
Carries hydrogen ion
33
Energy carriers
NAD low energy molecules
able to do work
34
Stages of aerobic cellular respiration
glycolysis
pyruvate
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
35
Plants use cellular respiration to
make flowers and photosynthesis
36
Glycolisis
Glucose splits 2-3 carbon molecules (pyruvate)
37
Pyrouvate oxidation occurs in
mitochondria
38
Cytochrome protiens
electron acceptors
embedded in cristae
39
Hw question
Entropy is always increasing is which law of therodynamics
second
40
Hw question
For innitiation of chemical reaction, bonds must
be broken
41
Hw question
Change in free energy is in ______ pathway and is negative
anobolic
42
Hw question
ATP synthesis is an ______ process that phosphorylates ADP
endergonic
43
Hw question
Enzyme affect a reaction by lowering activation energy
same on both sides
Enzyme affect a reaction by lowering activation energy
44
Hw question
an enzyme and substrate reaction is ______
temporary
45
Pyruvate: Made by ____ and used by the ____
Pyruvate: Made by glycolysis and used by the Krebs cycle.
46
2) NADH: Made by ____ and used by _____.
2) NADH: Made by the Krebs cycle and used by the ETC.
47
3) Intermembrane H+: The H+ concentration gradient is made by _____ as electrons move down the chain.
3) Intermembrane H+: The H+ concentration gradient is made by the ETC as electrons move down the chain. The concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space will increase if the ETC is working.
48
MC
What does the poison ARSENIC affect?
Krebs Cycle
49
MC
What does the poison CYANIDE affect?
Electron Transport Chain
50
MC
What does the poison Oligomycin affect?
ATP Synthase
51
How do enzymes play a role in metabolic processes
They allow cells to control energy transformations both endo and exo to ensure they don't overheat and die from thermal energy that is released.
52
Why is ATP so important?
It drives all cellular reactions by providing the energy that is needed. It is also the primary source of free energy in living cells
53
What is the goal of cellular respiration?
to capture as much of the available free energy in the form of ATP.
54
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
ATP is directly formed. A phosphate containing a compound called phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) transfers PO4 directly to ADP forming ATP
55
Where does glycolysis occur
In the cytosol of the cell
56
Glycolosis___ Activation phase which uses ATP molecules. (Endothermic)
Glycolysis 1
57
Oxidative and phosphorylation reactions reduce glucose to pyruvate and also produce ATP molecules. (Exothermic)
Glycolysis 2
58
Glycolysis 1 summary
Phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
59
Glycolysis 2 summary
Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH
60
Why is the mitochondria so important?
It is where the Krebs cycle occurs (in the matrix)
61
Electrostatic gradient importance.
Allows ions to move through the membrane.
62
Metabolic rate
The amount of energy consumed by an organism in a given amount of time
63
Basal metabolic rate
The minimum amount of energy needed to keep and organism alive. This is dependant on age growth and development
64
Explain the correlation between age and Basal metabolic rate
As we age our basal metabolic rate decreases which in turn means our metabolism slows down. This can cause things like the freshman 15 in people around the age of 20.
65
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
Human muscle cells.
66
Why does lactic acid fermentation occur?
Your cells cannot get enough oxygen through aerobic respiration so instead they use anaerobic respiration in the form of lactic acid fermentation to allow continuous production of ATP.
67
What is the lactate threshold?
The value of exercise intensity at which blood lactate concentration begins to increase sharply. Once reached a burning sensation is felt and exercise is limited.
68
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
matrix of mitochondria
69
MC
What are the products of pyruvate oxidization
2 acetyl CoA 2NADH 2H+ 2CO2
70
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
71
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
72
How much atp is made during cellular respiration
38 ATP molecules.
73
Electron Transport Chain Summary
Proteinscouple
Electrons pass through from redox reactions
Release Energy
makes atp
74
*Whats happening in the krebs cycle
Acytel CoA enters
Binds with 4 carbons
CO2 forms and releases
Cycle continues
Electron carriers deliver electrons to ETC
75
ATP synthase summary
Chemical energy stored in the form of ADP
Generates ATP
76
How can we improve metabolic rate
Stay active
proteins
Thyroid health
77
*Why do we care about all of this
don't need to memorize all
Energy process
Metabolic rate (pathways rely on it)
Survival (cells tissues organs)
homeostasis (maintains internal body temp)
78
How do enzymes lower activation level
Catalysts
co factors and co enzymes, work directly and help catalysts
