genetics part one - carter (from notes)

Question 1

what does heredity mean

Answer 1

the passing of traits/genetic info through parent to offspring

Question 2

where are genes located on the chromosomes?

Answer 2

on the locus (s) / loci (pl)

Question 3

where are chromosomes found

Answer 3

in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 4

what is a eukaryotic cell

Answer 4

a cell with a nucleus

Question 5

diploid definition

Answer 5

a cell with 2n of chromosomes, one from each parents

Question 6

haploid definition

Answer 6

cells with one set of chromosomes e.g. sex cells

Question 7

what is dna made of

Answer 7

nucleotides

Question 8

who first proposed the structure of dna

Answer 8

watson and crick

Question 9

2 functions of dna

Answer 9

transmission of traits from parents to offspring, codes for sequence of amino acids and proteins

Question 10

how many parents are in A nucleotide and what are they

Answer 10

3, base, sugar, and phosphate

Question 11

what are the four bases and what are their pairs

Answer 11

A,T (adenine and thymine) and G,C (guanine and cytosine)

Question 12

what is asexual reproduction

Answer 12

offspring are genetically identical to parent (via mitosis)

Question 13

what are advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 13

advantages : no specialized anatomy, no mating, heredity is direct and invariable
disadvantages: inability to adapt

Question 14

advantages and disadvantages or sexual reproduction

Answer 14

advantages: able to adapt to environment
disadvantages: matting calles attract predators, need for specialized organs, may inherit “weaknesses”

Question 15

what is sexual reproduction

Answer 15

individuals are produced from two sex cells coming together

Question 16

what is The eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 16

controlled cyclic event in which the cell divides into two daughter cells, consists of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. time varies per organisms

Question 17

what happens during interphase

Answer 17

G1, organelles and cytoplasm doubles
s, chromosomes double
g2, final growth and organisation

Question 18

what happens during mitosis

Answer 18

division of chromosomes, PMAT

Question 19

what happens during cytokinesis and when does it start

Answer 19

cytoplasm splits, cells split into two daughter cells, starts during anaphase

Question 20

whats the purpose of mitosis in multi-cellular and uni-cellular organisms

Answer 20

multi - for growth, repair, replacement and more surface area for better exchange of material
uni - for reproduction

Question 21

why are cells so small?

Answer 21

as a cell grows, surface area to volume ratio decreases, therefore less surface area for transport of materials.
cells aren’t as efficient so they divide into 2 or more efficient smaller cells

Question 22

what is a chromosome

Answer 22

dark straining body that contains DNA

Question 23

which cells don’t replicate

Answer 23

inner ear, heart muscle, and brain

Question 24

what is the long stringy form of chromosomes called

Answer 24

chromatin

Question 25

what does meosis mean in greek

Answer 25

meon = less
tikos = a condition

Question 26

what is meosis

Answer 26

the generation of sex cells from germ cells. reduces chromosome number 2n to n. two stages of PMAT

Question 27

what is the process of making sex cells in humans + name for male and female

Answer 27

gametogenesis
males = spermatogenesis (spermatocyte)
females + Oogenesis (oocyte)

Question 28

what is the point where non sister chromatids cross over

Answer 28

chiasma - which is what ???

Question 29

what is crossing over and whats its purpose

Answer 29

non sister chromatids crossover during prophase 1 or meiosis, allows exchange of genetic material, produces new combination of genes not found in each parent

Question 30

how many combinations is possible and how many times can they crossover

Answer 30

2^23, unlimited(genes closer together are less likely to be separated during crossover, e.g. the red hair gene and freckles.)

Question 31

how many autosomes does a human have

Answer 31

44

Question 32

what are the chromosomes (X Y) for male and females
what determines the gender of a baby

Answer 32

male = XY or Xx
female = XX
If a XX or a XY sperm meets the egg

Question 33

what is meiotic nondisjunction and when does it occur

Answer 33

incorrect production of females (more common) or male (rare) gametes
meiosis 1 or 2

Question 34

what many chromosomes is there when nondisjunction happens in the gametes and in the zygotes

Answer 34

gametes with 22(n-1) and 24 (n+1) chromosomes
zygotes with 45(2n-1) and 47 (2n+1) chromosomes

Question 35

what does syndrome mean

Answer 35

a group of disorders that happen together

Question 36

what is a karyotype

Answer 36

a karyotype is a picture of the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Question 37

what is. karyogram

Answer 37

a karyogram is a picture (that is easier to read than a karyotype) of chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs, from largest to smallest

Question 38

what are the 2 ways to detect nondisjunction disorder

Answer 38

amniocentesis or CVS

Question 39

what is CVS

Answer 39

chronic villus sampling

Question 40

what is the cell plate

Answer 40

a wall that appears during cytokinesis of plant cells to help seperate

Question 41

what is a polyploid

Answer 41

a cell that contains more then 2 sets of chromosomes, many plants are polyploids