animal - digestion (notes)

Question 1

what is the purpose of digestion

Answer 1

to breakdown nutrients or macromolecules in the food we ate into smaller forms that our cells use to maintain life

Question 2

what are macromolecules

Answer 2

large, complex molecules

Question 3

what are carbohydrates

Answer 3

marcomolecules composed of C,H and O in 1:2:1 ratio

Question 4

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 4

(single sugars)
1. glucose from animals and plants
2. fructose from fruits ans honey
3. galactose from milk and sugar

Question 5

examples of disaccharides

Answer 5

(double sugars)
1. sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)
2. maltose = glucose + glucose ( grain sugar)
3. lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugars)

Question 6

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 6

1. starch, in plant cells
2. cellulose, in plant cell wall
3. glycogen, in animals cells
4. chitin, in insects + crustacean exoskeleton

Question 7

different types of proteins

Answer 7

antibodies, defence
myosin, movement
enzymes, control chemical reactions

Question 8

amino acids in our bodies

Answer 8

9/20 are essential to include in diet
11/20 are made up by human body

Question 9

how are amino acids made up and what do they create

Answer 9

• amino + acid + “r” varible
• amino acids form polypeptide

Question 10

what is BMR

Answer 10

minimum amount of food energy to stay alive
basal metabalic rate
ER = M x EF x T

Question 11

4 main types of lipids

Answer 11

1. fat (saturated, unsaturated)
2. phospholipids
3. steroids
4. waxes

Question 12

how much does water make up of the human body mass

Answer 12

2/3

Question 13

what are the different functions of water

Answer 13

1. transports nutrients to cells
2. transports waste (in urine + sweat)
3. lubricates joints and tissue
4. major component of blood and mucus
5. regulates body temperature

Question 14

vitamins info

Answer 14

• organic molecules
• only small amount needed to change food into energy

Question 15

where are vitamin stored/dissolved

Answer 15

some are fat soluble, stored in fat tissue (A D E K)
some are water soluble
(B1 B2 C)

Question 16

minerals info

Answer 16

• inorganic nutrients and elements
• need variety in diet
• excessive amounts can be harmful
  (Ca, Fe, P, K, Na, I)

Question 17

what is digestion in complex animals

Answer 17

• via alimentary canal or “tube within a tube “
• allows digestive processes to be separated into different regions

Question 18

what are the 4 stages of food processes

Answer 18

1. ingestion
2. digestive
3. absorption
4. egestion

Question 19

what are examples of digestive enzymes

Answer 19

1. pepsin, in stomach have PH 2-3
2. amylase, in oral saliva, have ph of 7
3. trypsin, in small intestine, has ph of 9-10

Question 20

mouth info

Answer 20

where digestion begins
food is chewed + formed into bolus by the tongue

Question 21

teeth info

Answer 21

• aid in physical digestion
• decay when bacteria eats nutrients that are left behind

Question 22

function of different kinds of teeth

Answer 22

incisor, cutting/biting
canine, tearing
pre molars, grinding
molars, crushing

Question 23

saliva info

Answer 23

• begins chemical digestion
• contains enzyme amylase
• lubricates food
• dissolves food particles + activate taste buds

Question 24

pharynx info :

Answer 24

• short tube shared by digestive and respiratory systems
• passageway for food between mouth and esophagus

Question 25

function of epiglottis

Answer 25

flap of cartilage that seals off trachea to prevent food from entering airway

Question 26

esophoagus

Answer 26

- made of smooth muscles that contract involuntarily called peristalsis - push food and liquids into stomach

Question 27

stomach info :

Answer 27

j - shaped organ that churns and stores food turns bolus into chyme - doesn't absorb nutrients

Question 28

what is the early site of protein digestion

Answer 28

stomach

Question 29

what does the stomach absorb

Answer 29

water, glucose, salt and alcohol through membrane into blood stream

Question 30

what are the three main sections of the stomach ]

Answer 30

1. fundus 2. body 3. pylorus

Question 31

what cells line the stomach

Answer 31

1. parietal 2. chief 3. mucus

Question 32

what happens in parietal

Answer 32

secretes HCI which destroys bacteria turns pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 33

what happens in chief

Answer 33

secretes pepsinogen

Question 34

what happens in mucus

Answer 34

secretes mucus to protect stomach lining (no ulcers)

Question 35

what does the gallbladder do

Answer 35

store bile when stomach is empty

Question 36

what are gallstones

Answer 36

very large crystal of cholestrols

Question 37

what is the main function of the small intestine

Answer 37

absorb nutrients

Question 38

how long is the small intestine

Answer 38

7m long in humans carnivores, shorter herbivore, longer

Question 39

what are the three regions of the small intestine

Answer 39

1. duodenum (0.3m) 2. jejunum (2.7m) 3. ileum (4m)

Question 40

villi info

Answer 40

- finger like tubes in small intestine - lined by microvilli, which increase surface area to faster absorb

Question 41

what is the core of villi

Answer 41

lymph vessels (lactean) bloodstream to distribute nutrients

Question 42

what are the 4 main functions of the large intestine

Answer 42

1. absorbs water, minerals, vitamins 2. house E-coli bacteria that uses waste to make vitamins 3. form feces 4. move feces for excerption

Question 43

how long is large intestine

Answer 43

1.5 meters long

Question 44

what makes of the large intestine

Answer 44

1. caecum 2. ascending 3. transverse 4. sigmoid 5. rectum

Question 45

what do the accessory organs do

Answer 45

aid in digestion and outside of alimentary canal secretes there contents into canal via ducts

Question 46

pancreas

Answer 46

secretes pancreatic juice and insulin

Question 47

main function of the liver

Answer 47

1. make cholesterol and then bile 2. converts glucose into glycogen 3. detoxifies blood 4. breaks down hemoglobin