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biology grade 11 > animal - digestion (notes) > Flashcards

animal - digestion (notes) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of digestion

A

to breakdown nutrients or macromolecules in the food we ate into smaller forms that our cells use to maintain life

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2
Q

what are macromolecules

A

large, complex molecules

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3
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

marcomolecules composed of C,H and O in 1:2:1 ratio

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4
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

(single sugars)
1. glucose from animals and plants
2. fructose from fruits ans honey
3. galactose from milk and sugar

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5
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

(double sugars)
1. sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)
2. maltose = glucose + glucose ( grain sugar)
3. lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugars)

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6
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A
  1. starch, in plant cells
  2. cellulose, in plant cell wall
  3. glycogen, in animals cells
  4. chitin, in insects + crustacean exoskeleton
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7
Q

different types of proteins

A

antibodies, defence
myosin, movement
enzymes, control chemical reactions

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8
Q

amino acids in our bodies

A

9/20 are essential to include in diet
11/20 are made up by human body

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9
Q

how are amino acids made up and what do they create

A
  • amino + acid + “r” varible
  • amino acids form polypeptide
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10
Q

what is BMR

A

minimum amount of food energy to stay alive
basal metabalic rate
ER = M x EF x T

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11
Q

4 main types of lipids

A
  1. fat (saturated, unsaturated)
  2. phospholipids
  3. steroids
  4. waxes
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12
Q

how much does water make up of the human body mass

A

2/3

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13
Q

what are the different functions of water

A
  1. transports nutrients to cells
  2. transports waste (in urine + sweat)
  3. lubricates joints and tissue
  4. major component of blood and mucus
  5. regulates body temperature
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14
Q

vitamins info

A
  • organic molecules
  • only small amount needed to change food into energy
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15
Q

where are vitamin stored/dissolved

A

some are fat soluble, stored in fat tissue (A D E K)
some are water soluble
(B1 B2 C)

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16
Q

minerals info

A
  • inorganic nutrients and elements
  • need variety in diet
  • excessive amounts can be harmful
    (Ca, Fe, P, K, Na, I)
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17
Q

what is digestion in complex animals

A
  • via alimentary canal or “tube within a tube “
  • allows digestive processes to be separated into different regions
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18
Q

what are the 4 stages of food processes

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestive
  3. absorption
  4. egestion
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19
Q

what are examples of digestive enzymes

A
  1. pepsin, in stomach have PH 2-3
  2. amylase, in oral saliva, have ph of 7
  3. trypsin, in small intestine, has ph of 9-10
20
Q

mouth info

A

where digestion begins
food is chewed + formed into bolus by the tongue

21
Q

teeth info

A
  • aid in physical digestion
  • decay when bacteria eats nutrients that are left behind
22
Q

function of different kinds of teeth

A

incisor, cutting/biting
canine, tearing
pre molars, grinding
molars, crushing

23
Q

saliva info

A
  • begins chemical digestion
  • contains enzyme amylase
  • lubricates food
  • dissolves food particles + activate taste buds
24
Q

pharynx info :

A
  • short tube shared by digestive and respiratory systems
  • passageway for food between mouth and esophagus
25
Q

function of epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage that seals off trachea to prevent food from entering airway

26
Q

esophoagus

A
  • made of smooth muscles that contract involuntarily called peristalsis
  • push food and liquids into stomach
27
Q

stomach info :

A

j - shaped organ that churns and stores food
turns bolus into chyme
- doesn’t absorb nutrients

28
Q

what is the early site of protein digestion

A

stomach

29
Q

what does the stomach absorb

A

water, glucose, salt and alcohol through membrane into blood stream

30
Q

what are the three main sections of the stomach ]

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. pylorus
31
Q

what cells line the stomach

A
  1. parietal
  2. chief
  3. mucus
32
Q

what happens in parietal

A

secretes HCI
which destroys bacteria
turns pepsinogen into pepsin

33
Q

what happens in chief

A

secretes pepsinogen

34
Q

what happens in mucus

A

secretes mucus to protect stomach lining (no ulcers)

35
Q

what does the gallbladder do

A

store bile when stomach is empty

36
Q

what are gallstones

A

very large crystal of cholestrols

37
Q

what is the main function of the small intestine

A

absorb nutrients

38
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

7m long in humans
carnivores, shorter
herbivore, longer

39
Q

what are the three regions of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum (0.3m)
  2. jejunum (2.7m)
  3. ileum (4m)
40
Q

villi info

A
  • finger like tubes in small intestine
  • lined by microvilli, which increase surface area to faster absorb
41
Q

what is the core of villi

A

lymph vessels (lactean)
bloodstream to distribute nutrients

42
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the large intestine

A
  1. absorbs water, minerals, vitamins
  2. house E-coli bacteria that uses waste to make vitamins
  3. form feces
  4. move feces for excerption
43
Q

how long is large intestine

A

1.5 meters long

44
Q

what makes of the large intestine

A
  1. caecum
  2. ascending
  3. transverse
  4. sigmoid
  5. rectum
45
Q

what do the accessory organs do

A

aid in digestion and outside of alimentary canal
secretes there contents into canal via ducts

46
Q

pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice and insulin

47
Q

main function of the liver

A
  1. make cholesterol and then bile
  2. converts glucose into glycogen
  3. detoxifies blood
  4. breaks down hemoglobin

biology grade 11 (9 decks)

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