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biology grade 11 > genetics part one > Flashcards

genetics part one Flashcards

1
Q

key term : diploid cell

A

a cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n) one set from each parent.

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2
Q

key term : gamete

A

sex cell (egg or sperm)

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3
Q

key terms: gametogenesis
spermatogenesis
oogenesis

A

the process in which cell undergo meiosis to form gametes

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4
Q

key term : gene

A

a segment of DNA

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5
Q

key term : haploid cell

A

a cell with one set of chromosomes e.g. gametes/ssex cells

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6
Q

key term : CVS

A

a prenatal test from a tissue sample in the placenta to determine genetic issues

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7
Q

key term : heredity

A

the passing of traits/genetic info from parent to offspring

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8
Q

key term : karyotype

A

a picture of the number and appearances of chromosomes in a nucleus

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9
Q

key term : karyogram

A

a picture of chromosomes in homologous pairs from smallest to biggest.

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10
Q

key term : locus/loci

A

where genes are located on a chromosome

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11
Q

key term : meiosis

A

a type of cell division that goes from germ cells to sex cells. result is 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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12
Q

key term : chromosome

A

a thread strand with DNA in it found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

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13
Q

key term : mitosis

A

the process in which a cell divides (duplicated chromosomes separate)

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14
Q

key term : monosomy

A

missing a chromosome

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15
Q

key term : nitrogen bases

A

the middle of the DNA

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16
Q

key term : non-disjunction

A

incorrect cell division during production of female (common) and male (rare) gametes, occurs in meiosis one or two

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17
Q

key term : nucleotide

A

building block of DNA, made of sugar, phosphate and base

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18
Q

Key term : polyploid

A

a cell with more then 2 sets of chromosomes e.g. seedless watermelon

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19
Q

key term : sexual reproduction

A

individuals are produce from the fusion of two gametes, offspring is genetically different

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20
Q

key term : syndrome

A

group of disorders that occur together

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21
Q

key term : trait

A

a characteristics that an organism passing onto its offspring through genes

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22
Q

key term : trisomy

A

having an extra chromosome

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23
Q

key term : zygote

A

fertilized egg (sperm and egg) (diploid)

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24
Q

key term : genetics

A

the study of heredity and variation

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25
key term : watson and crick
first proposed the double helix structure of DNA
26
key term : cell plate
structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant cell divides
27
key term : chromatin
long and stringy forms of chromosomes in interphase (not condense)
28
key term : asexual reproduction
process where a parent cell makes an offspring identical to its self through mitosis.
29
key term : aminocentresis
process of withdrawing amino fluid for analysis of cells
30
key term : cleavage furrow
where the plant cell pinches in during mitosis for cell division
31
key term : cytokinesis
divison of cytoplasm
32
key term : body/somatic cell
human body cell other than sex cells
33
key term : DNA
double helix structure/ladder with 2 functions
34
where are chromosomes found
in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
35
what is a eukaryotic cell
a cell with a nucleus
36
what is DNA made of
nucleotides
37
what are the 2 functions of DNA
transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring codes sequences for amino acids and proteins
38
how many parents are in a nucleotide
3 - sugar, base and phosphate
39
what are the four bases and pairs
thymine, adenine + guanine, cytosine
40
advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
advantages : no specialized organs, no matting, heredity is direct disadvantages : inability to adapt to change
41
advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction
advantages : ability to adapt to change and environment disadvantages : need specialized organs. matting calls can attract predators, may inherit weaknesses
42
what happens during interphase
G1 - chromosomes and cytoplasm duplicates S - chromosomes double G2 - final growth and organization
43
what happens during mitosis
divison of chromosome (PMAT)
44
what is cytokinesis and when does it happen
division of cytoplasm and starts in anaphase
45
purpose of mitosis
reproduction, repair and growth
46
why are cells so small
because as the cell grows the surface area to volume ratio decreases making it harder to transport, so they divide into more smaller cells
47
which cells don't replicate
inner ear, heart muscle and brain
48
what is meiosis
process of germ cells to gametes, four gametes produces (4 sperm) (1 oocyte and 3 polar bodies)
49
what is the process of making sex cells
gametogenesis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis
50
what is the point where NON-sister chromatids crossover
chiasma
51
why cross over
allow for exchange in genetic material - happens during prophase one
52
how many autosomes does a human have
44 (non sex cells)
53
what chromosomes are for males and females
female : XX male : XY or Xx
54
meiotic non-disjunction
when cells don't divide properly. incorrect product of female (common) and male (rare) gametes meiosis 1 or 2
55
how many chromosomes when non disjunction occurs
gametes - 22 (monosomy) or 24 (trisomy) zygotes - 45 (monosomy) or 47 (trisomy)
56
what ways can you detect Non-disjunction?
amniocentesis or CVS
57
thymine and adenine are bonded with how many hydrogen bonds
2
58
guanine and cytosine are bonded with how many hydrogen bonds
3
59
the event that takes place from the formation of the cell until it divides again
cell cycle
60
if a cell with 18 chromosomes undergoes mitosis how many chromosome with the daughter cells have
18 chromosomes
61
which type of cells divide via mitosis
somatic and muscle cells - not gametes.
62
if a sperm cell contains 20 chromosomes have many for the muscle cell contain
20 PAIRS of chromosomes
63
when crossing over...
the chromatids break and fuse at the same point so the trade is equal
64
important feature is meiosis
maintain the same amount of diploid number of chromosomes in the organism from 1 generation to the other
65
chromosomes replicate in interphase prior too
mitosis and meiosis 1
66
interphase
chromosomes duplicate, growth and organelles copy
67
prophase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes, chromosomes in nucleus become visible
68
metaphase
chromosomes align along equator centrioles move to opposite pole and start producing spindle fibers
69
anaphase
spindle fibers attach to centromere and pull sister chromatin to opposite poles cell starts pinching in two, cytokinesis starts
70
telophase
cleavage furrow pinches cell in two
71
cytokineses
division of cytoplasm
72
prophase 1
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes - chromosomes pair up with homologous pairs - crossing over may occur
73
metaphase 1
homologous pairs of chromosome line up along equator
74
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes moved to opposite poles
75
telophase 1
the cell splits in two via cytokinesis, nuclear membrane reappears
76
prophase 2
the nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibres produced, no replication/duplicated or synthesis or chromosomes
77
metaphase 2
non homologous chromosomes, each with two chromatids line up along equator
78
anaphase 2
the 2 chromatids seperate
79
telophase 2
four haploids are produced
80
how long can the cell cycle take
anywhere from minutes to a year depending on organism
81
what determines the gender of a zygote
the male sperm
82
key points in crossing over
- chromatids break and fuse at the same points, therefore trade is equal - chromatids may crossover more then once - genes closer together on a chromosome are less likely to be separated by crossing over
83
what is trisomy 21
down syndrome
84
what is trisomy 18
edward syndrome
85
what is trisomy 13
patau syndrome
86
what is turner syndrome
missing X chromosome = 44XO
87
klinefelter syndrome
extra X chromosome = 44 xxy
88
metafemale or triple X
extra X chromosome = 44xxx
89
super male or jacob syndrome
extra y chromosome = 44 xyy
90

biology grade 11 (10 decks)

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