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biology grade 11 > genetics part one > Flashcards

genetics part one Flashcards

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1
Q

key term : diploid cell

A

a cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n) one set from each parent.

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2
Q

key term : gamete

A

sex cell (egg or sperm)

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3
Q

key terms: gametogenesis
spermatogenesis
oogenesis

A

the process in which cell undergo meiosis to form gametes

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4
Q

key term : gene

A

a segment of DNA

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5
Q

key term : haploid cell

A

a cell with one set of chromosomes e.g. gametes/ssex cells

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6
Q

key term : CVS

A

a prenatal test from a tissue sample in the placenta to determine genetic issues

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7
Q

key term : heredity

A

the passing of traits/genetic info from parent to offspring

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8
Q

key term : karyotype

A

a picture of the number and appearances of chromosomes in a nucleus

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9
Q

key term : karyogram

A

a picture of chromosomes in homologous pairs from smallest to biggest.

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10
Q

key term : locus/loci

A

where genes are located on a chromosome

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11
Q

key term : meiosis

A

a type of cell division that goes from germ cells to sex cells. result is 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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12
Q

key term : chromosome

A

a thread strand with DNA in it found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

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13
Q

key term : mitosis

A

the process in which a cell divides (duplicated chromosomes separate)

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14
Q

key term : monosomy

A

missing a chromosome

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15
Q

key term : nitrogen bases

A

the middle of the DNA

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16
Q

key term : non-disjunction

A

incorrect cell division during production of female (common) and male (rare) gametes, occurs in meiosis one or two

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17
Q

key term : nucleotide

A

building block of DNA, made of sugar, phosphate and base

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18
Q

Key term : polyploid

A

a cell with more then 2 sets of chromosomes e.g. seedless watermelon

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19
Q

key term : sexual reproduction

A

individuals are produce from the fusion of two gametes, offspring is genetically different

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20
Q

key term : syndrome

A

group of disorders that occur together

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21
Q

key term : trait

A

a characteristics that an organism passing onto its offspring through genes

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22
Q

key term : trisomy

A

having an extra chromosome

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23
Q

key term : zygote

A

fertilized egg (sperm and egg) (diploid)

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24
Q

key term : genetics

A

the study of heredity and variation

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25
Q

key term : watson and crick

A

first proposed the double helix structure of DNA

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26
Q

key term : cell plate

A

structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant cell divides

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27
Q

key term : chromatin

A

long and stringy forms of chromosomes in interphase (not condense)

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28
Q

key term : asexual reproduction

A

process where a parent cell makes an offspring identical to its self through mitosis.

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29
Q

key term : aminocentresis

A

process of withdrawing amino fluid for analysis of cells

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30
Q

key term : cleavage furrow

A

where the plant cell pinches in during mitosis for cell division

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31
Q

key term : cytokinesis

A

divison of cytoplasm

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32
Q

key term : body/somatic cell

A

human body cell other than sex cells

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33
Q

key term : DNA

A

double helix structure/ladder with 2 functions

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34
Q

where are chromosomes found

A

in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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35
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

a cell with a nucleus

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36
Q

what is DNA made of

A

nucleotides

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37
Q

what are the 2 functions of DNA

A

transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring
codes sequences for amino acids and proteins

38
Q

how many parents are in a nucleotide

A

3 - sugar, base and phosphate

39
Q

what are the four bases and pairs

A

thymine, adenine + guanine, cytosine

40
Q

advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

advantages : no specialized organs, no matting, heredity is direct
disadvantages : inability to adapt to change

41
Q

advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

advantages : ability to adapt to change and environment
disadvantages : need specialized organs. matting calls can attract predators, may inherit weaknesses

42
Q

what happens during interphase

A

G1 - chromosomes and cytoplasm duplicates
S - chromosomes double
G2 - final growth and organization

43
Q

what happens during mitosis

A

divison of chromosome (PMAT)

44
Q

what is cytokinesis and when does it happen

A

division of cytoplasm and starts in anaphase

45
Q

purpose of mitosis

A

reproduction, repair and growth

46
Q

why are cells so small

A

because as the cell grows the surface area to volume ratio decreases making it harder to transport, so they divide into more smaller cells

47
Q

which cells don’t replicate

A

inner ear, heart muscle and brain

48
Q

what is meiosis

A

process of germ cells to gametes, four gametes produces (4 sperm) (1 oocyte and 3 polar bodies)

49
Q

what is the process of making sex cells

A

gametogenesis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis

50
Q

what is the point where NON-sister chromatids crossover

A

chiasma

51
Q

why cross over

A

allow for exchange in genetic material - happens during prophase one

52
Q

how many autosomes does a human have

A

44 (non sex cells)

53
Q

what chromosomes are for males and females

A

female : XX
male : XY or Xx

54
Q

meiotic non-disjunction

A

when cells don’t divide properly. incorrect product of female (common) and male (rare) gametes meiosis 1 or 2

55
Q

how many chromosomes when non disjunction occurs

A

gametes - 22 (monosomy) or 24 (trisomy)
zygotes - 45 (monosomy) or 47 (trisomy)

56
Q

what ways can you detect Non-disjunction?

A

amniocentesis or CVS

57
Q

thymine and adenine are bonded with how many hydrogen bonds

A

2

58
Q

guanine and cytosine are bonded with how many hydrogen bonds

A

3

59
Q

the event that takes place from the formation of the cell until it divides again

A

cell cycle

60
Q

if a cell with 18 chromosomes undergoes mitosis how many chromosome with the daughter cells have

A

18 chromosomes

61
Q

which type of cells divide via mitosis

A

somatic and muscle cells - not gametes.

62
Q

if a sperm cell contains 20 chromosomes have many for the muscle cell contain

A

20 PAIRS of chromosomes

63
Q

when crossing over…

A

the chromatids break and fuse at the same point so the trade is equal

64
Q

important feature is meiosis

A

maintain the same amount of diploid number of chromosomes in the organism from 1 generation to the other

65
Q

chromosomes replicate in interphase prior too

A

mitosis and meiosis 1

66
Q

interphase

A

chromosomes duplicate, growth and organelles copy

67
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, chromosomes in nucleus become visible

68
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align along equator centrioles move to opposite pole and start producing spindle fibers

69
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibers attach to centromere and pull sister chromatin to opposite poles
cell starts pinching in two, cytokinesis starts

70
Q

telophase

A

cleavage furrow pinches cell in two

71
Q

cytokineses

A

division of cytoplasm

72
Q

prophase 1

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • chromosomes pair up with homologous pairs
  • crossing over may occur
73
Q

metaphase 1

A

homologous pairs of chromosome line up along equator

74
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes moved to opposite poles

75
Q

telophase 1

A

the cell splits in two via cytokinesis, nuclear membrane reappears

76
Q

prophase 2

A

the nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibres produced, no replication/duplicated or synthesis or chromosomes

77
Q

metaphase 2

A

non homologous chromosomes, each with two chromatids line up along equator

78
Q

anaphase 2

A

the 2 chromatids seperate

79
Q

telophase 2

A

four haploids are produced

80
Q

how long can the cell cycle take

A

anywhere from minutes to a year depending on organism

81
Q

what determines the gender of a zygote

A

the male sperm

82
Q

key points in crossing over

A
  • chromatids break and fuse at the same points, therefore trade is equal
  • chromatids may crossover more then once
  • genes closer together on a chromosome are less likely to be separated by crossing over
83
Q

what is trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

84
Q

what is trisomy 18

A

edward syndrome

85
Q

what is trisomy 13

A

patau syndrome

86
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

missing X chromosome = 44XO

87
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

extra X chromosome = 44 xxy

88
Q

metafemale or triple X

A

extra X chromosome = 44xxx

89
Q

super male or jacob syndrome

A

extra y chromosome = 44 xyy

90
Q
A

biology grade 11 (4 decks)

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