animals - digestion (key terms)

Question 1

amino acids

Answer 1

link up in different combinations to form different proteins
 sequence determined by genes on DNA

Question 2

amylase

Answer 2

breaks down carbs/starch = sugar
amylase in oral saliva has opt. pH 7

Question 3

bile

Answer 3

greenish fluid that contains bile salts and cholesterol

Question 4

BMR

Answer 4

minuimum of food energy need to stay alive 9
(basal metabolic rate)

Question 5

carbohydrates

Answer 5

• macromolecules composed of C, H, and O in 1:2:1 ratio
• primary fuel source

Question 6

colon

Answer 6

• puckered/ridged rather than smooth
• lack villi
• approximatly 1.5m long

Question 7

digestions

Answer 7

breakdown of food physically
and chemically by enzymes

Question 8

digestive enzymes

Answer 8

proteins that breakdown complex molecules
- have optimum pH and temperature

Question 9

disaccharide

Answer 9

• (double sugars)
• made of 2 monosaccharides

Question 10

egestion

Answer 10

of undigested solid wastes

Question 11

emulsification

Answer 11

bile salts break down fat into small droplets

Question 12

ER = M x EF x T

Answer 12

to solve for enefy required
(energy required = mass x energy factor x time)

Question 13

fats

Answer 13

composed of triglyceride = 1 glycerol + 3
fatty acids

Question 14

ingestion

Answer 14

taking in or eating food

Question 15

insulin

Answer 15

released directly into bloodstream (thus acting as endocrine gland)
- for blood-glucose regulation

Question 16

lipase

Answer 16

lipids = fatty acids + glycerol

Question 17

lipids

Answer 17

• concentrated source of energy storage
• insoluble in water
• insulate the body and protect organs
• aid in fat-soluble vitamin absorption

Question 18

minerals

Answer 18

• inorganic nutrients/elements
• variety needed in diet
• excessive amounts may be harmful

Question 19

monosaccharides

Answer 19

(simple sugars)
- single sugar group with formula C6H12O6

Question 20

pancreatic juice

Answer 20

• released into duodenum via pancreatic
  duct (thus acting as exocrine gland)
• basic, therefore neutralizes stomach acid
• contains digestive enzymes

Question 21

pepsin

Answer 21

enzyme that digests proteins
into amino acids
pepsin in stomach has opt. pH 2-3

Question 22

peristalsis

Answer 22

contraction is involuntary

Question 23

phospholipids

Answer 23

main component of cell membranes

Question 24

polysaccharides

Answer 24

(complex sugars)
- long-chained polymers used for energy
storage
- made of 100s – 1000s sugar monomers

Question 25

proteins

Answer 25

- found in muscle, bones, tendons, ligaments, teeth - variety of functions - e.g. antibodies, defense - e.g. myosin, movement - e.g. enzymes, control chemical reactions - made of smaller sub-units called amino acids

Question 26

saliva

Answer 26

- begins chemical digestion - contains enzyme amylase - lubricates food - dissolves food particles and activates tastebuds - produced by 3 pairs of salivary glands

Question 27

saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid chain

Answer 27

saturated - single bonds animal fats; solid at rm. temp. - difficult for body cells to breakdown - e.g. beef, pork, and cheese fats unsaturated - double bonds plant oils; liquids at rm. temp. - e.g. corn and olive oils

Question 28

steroids

Answer 28

type of lipid - e.g. cholesterol - e.g. sex hormones testosterone and estrogen

Question 29

trypsin

Answer 29

- proteins = amino acids - trypsin in small intestine has opt. pH 9-10

Question 30

vitamin

Answer 30

organic molecules - only small amounts needed to change food into energy - some are fat soluble  stored in fat tissue (A, D, E, K) - some are water soluble (B1, B2, C)

Question 31

wax

Answer 31

- type of lipid - firm yet pliable - e.g. cutin to waterproof coating for leaves - e.g. beeswax to make honeycombs

Question 32

absorption

Answer 32

the process by which the digestive contents are absorbed by the blood and distributed to the rest of the body