Genetics/DNA/RNA Flashcards
Central Dogma Order
DNA –>RNA –> Protein
DNA–> mRNA Process is called…
Transcription
mRNA –> Protein process is called…
Translation
Translation
The process of using a nucleotide code in mRNA to build a protein
Transcription
The process of copying a strand of DNA to make an mRNA
What determines the order of amino acids in a protein
The order of nucleotides in a gene (A,T,C,G)
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
mRNA to tRNA
A=U, U=A, C=G, G=C
DNA to mRNA
T=A, A=U, C=G, G=C
Translate to mRNA: >TAC GTA CTC ATG GCC GTC CTA ATC_
[Start]>AUG CAU GAG UAC CGG CAG GAU UAG_[stop]
Stop Codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
Start Codon
AUG which codes for amino acid Methionine, signals where protein synthesis should start
All proteins begin with…
Methionine
what carries the code to make a protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
mRNA
What makes a copy of one strand of DNA?
RNA Polymerase
Start Codon
TAC or AUG
Stop Codon
ACT/UGA
Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Polymer of Nucleic Acids
DNA or RNA
How Many Nucleotides in a polymer
DNA can have anywhere from 1000s to millions
DNA structure
Two chains of nucleotides twist together and bond to form Double Helix (Double Stranded Nucleic Acid)
3 components to DNA
Phosphate Group (PO4 -2), Nitrogenous Base (ACTG), 5 Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous base is composed of
Guanine, Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine
What are the bonds between nitrogenous bases, and why are they functional?
Bonds between As and Ts/Cs and Gs are Hydrogen bonds, which are weak which is functional because DNA needs to be opened and read easily.
Antiparallel Orientation
Antiparallel orientation of DNA molecules means that they are going in opposite directions to each other– they are flipped. This is evident through the orientation of the carbons in the Sugar groups. one side runs 5’ to 3’ and the other runs 3’ to 5’
Identifying 3’ end and 5’ end
5 prime end has a free hydroxyl (phosphate group) on 5’ carbon, 3 prime end has free hydroxyl (phosphate group) on 3’ carbon
Gene Expression is also known as
Central Dogma
RNA Structure
Single Stranded Nucleic Acid
RNA nucleotide components
A, U, C and G
DNA Functions
Storage of Genetic Information, protein coding, generational protein coding
RNA Functions
Protein Productuin, Central Dogma/Gene Expression process
DNA Replication Basics
Where: Nucleus, When: Before Division, 1st step: Helicase unzips DNA, DNA Polymerase begins to replicate the new strands in 5’->3’ direction on both halves. Ends with two identical double helix molecules
Why is DNA replication semi conservative?
The 2 copies each contain one old original strand and one newly made one. in other words, half of the original model us kept or conserved and it becomes the template strand for the new complementary strand.
Genetic Code is redundant
Multiple mRNA colons can code for the same amino acid
Genetic Cods is universal
All life uses the same genetic code to produce proteins and all life decodes mRNA the same
Polymerase Enzymes direction
Reads 3->5, synthesizes 5->3
mRNA function
carry genetic instructions to ribosome
tRNA functions
transfers amino acids based on mRNA sequence.
Anticodons vs Codons
tRNA has anticodons, DNA and mRNA have codons. Anticodons are the inverse of mRNA codons. they are complementary to codons.
Mutation
A change in DNA sequence, can be harmful, beneficial (which is less common) or neutral.
Mutations Beneficial
Mutations are helpful in an evolutionary, they reduce uniformity in a species which makes the species less likely to die off from diseases.
Nonsense Mutation
A stop Codon is inserted in the genetic code, causing the protein to remain unfinished. Harmful mutation.
Missense Mutation
A single letter is changed in the code, but it does not code for a different amino acid, leaving the protein unchanged
Frame shift
extra letters added, which shifts the way the code is read, leading to different proteins being synthesized. Harmful Mutation.
