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Biology 100 > Genetics/DNA/RNA > Flashcards

Genetics/DNA/RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Dogma Order

A

DNA –>RNA –> Protein

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2
Q

DNA–> mRNA Process is called…

A

Transcription

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3
Q

mRNA –> Protein process is called…

A

Translation

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4
Q

Translation

A

The process of using a nucleotide code in mRNA to build a protein

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5
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying a strand of DNA to make an mRNA

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6
Q

What determines the order of amino acids in a protein

A

The order of nucleotides in a gene (A,T,C,G)

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

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8
Q

mRNA to tRNA

A

A=U, U=A, C=G, G=C

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9
Q

DNA to mRNA

A

T=A, A=U, C=G, G=C

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10
Q

Translate to mRNA: >TAC GTA CTC ATG GCC GTC CTA ATC_

A

[Start]>AUG CAU GAG UAC CGG CAG GAU UAG_[stop]

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11
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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12
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG which codes for amino acid Methionine, signals where protein synthesis should start

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13
Q

All proteins begin with…

A

Methionine

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14
Q

what carries the code to make a protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

A

mRNA

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15
Q

What makes a copy of one strand of DNA?

A

RNA Polymerase

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16
Q

Start Codon

A

TAC or AUG

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17
Q

Stop Codon

A

ACT/UGA

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18
Q

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

19
Q

Polymer of Nucleic Acids

A

DNA or RNA

20
Q

How Many Nucleotides in a polymer

A

DNA can have anywhere from 1000s to millions

21
Q

DNA structure

A

Two chains of nucleotides twist together and bond to form Double Helix (Double Stranded Nucleic Acid)

22
Q

3 components to DNA

A

Phosphate Group (PO4 -2), Nitrogenous Base (ACTG), 5 Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)

23
Q

Nitrogenous base is composed of

A

Guanine, Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine

24
Q

What are the bonds between nitrogenous bases, and why are they functional?

A

Bonds between As and Ts/Cs and Gs are Hydrogen bonds, which are weak which is functional because DNA needs to be opened and read easily.

25
Q

Antiparallel Orientation

A

Antiparallel orientation of DNA molecules means that they are going in opposite directions to each other– they are flipped. This is evident through the orientation of the carbons in the Sugar groups. one side runs 5’ to 3’ and the other runs 3’ to 5’

26
Q

Identifying 3’ end and 5’ end

A

5 prime end has a free hydroxyl (phosphate group) on 5’ carbon, 3 prime end has free hydroxyl (phosphate group) on 3’ carbon

27
Q

Gene Expression is also known as

A

Central Dogma

28
Q

RNA Structure

A

Single Stranded Nucleic Acid

29
Q

RNA nucleotide components

A

A, U, C and G

30
Q

DNA Functions

A

Storage of Genetic Information, protein coding, generational protein coding

31
Q

RNA Functions

A

Protein Productuin, Central Dogma/Gene Expression process

32
Q

DNA Replication Basics

A

Where: Nucleus, When: Before Division, 1st step: Helicase unzips DNA, DNA Polymerase begins to replicate the new strands in 5’->3’ direction on both halves. Ends with two identical double helix molecules

33
Q

Why is DNA replication semi conservative?

A

The 2 copies each contain one old original strand and one newly made one. in other words, half of the original model us kept or conserved and it becomes the template strand for the new complementary strand.

34
Q

Genetic Code is redundant

A

Multiple mRNA colons can code for the same amino acid

35
Q

Genetic Cods is universal

A

All life uses the same genetic code to produce proteins and all life decodes mRNA the same

36
Q

Polymerase Enzymes direction

A

Reads 3->5, synthesizes 5->3

37
Q

mRNA function

A

carry genetic instructions to ribosome

38
Q

tRNA functions

A

transfers amino acids based on mRNA sequence.

39
Q

Anticodons vs Codons

A

tRNA has anticodons, DNA and mRNA have codons. Anticodons are the inverse of mRNA codons. they are complementary to codons.

40
Q

Mutation

A

A change in DNA sequence, can be harmful, beneficial (which is less common) or neutral.

41
Q

Mutations Beneficial

A

Mutations are helpful in an evolutionary, they reduce uniformity in a species which makes the species less likely to die off from diseases.

42
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

A stop Codon is inserted in the genetic code, causing the protein to remain unfinished. Harmful mutation.

43
Q

Missense Mutation

A

A single letter is changed in the code, but it does not code for a different amino acid, leaving the protein unchanged

44
Q

Frame shift

A

extra letters added, which shifts the way the code is read, leading to different proteins being synthesized. Harmful Mutation.

Biology 100 (14 decks)

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