Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nat 5 biolgy > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

why do animals need to reproduce

A

essential to the survival of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two different types of reproduction

A

asexual and sexual (lol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does sexual reproduction entail

A

fertilisation (internal/external)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

asexual reproduction only requires one parent and no fertilisation. It occurs when a single cell splits into two or when a multicellular organism produces offspring that are clones. The offspring have the same genes and therefore the same characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

sexual reproduction requires two parents and fertilisation(when two gametes, one from the male and one from the female fuse together) The new cell contains a full set of genes from both parents and therefore a mixture of characteristics from both.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is external fertilisation

A

external fertilisation is when the sperm and egg fuse outside other the females body (trout and frogs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is internal fertilisation

A

internal fertilisation is when the sperm and egg fuse inside the females body (necessary as there is no immediate water in land animals immediate environment to carry sperm to egg - semen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why does internal fertilisation have a greater success rate than external fertilisation

A

1) Higher chance of fertilisation occurring
2) Fertilised eggs are protected during development
3) Young are provided with food and protection from parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the parts of a human male reproduction system

A

testis, glands, sperm duct, urethra and penoos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the functions of the structures of the male reproductive system

A

penis - deposits sperm into the females vagina during copulation
sperm duct - carries sperm from tests to the urethra
testis - produces sperm / site of sperm production
urethra - a tube which transports sperm out through penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the parts of the human female reproductive system

A

ovary, ooterus, vagina (lol), oviduct, uterine lining and cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the functions of the structures of the female reproductive system

A

ovary - site of egg production
oviduct - site of fertilisation
ooterus - where the embryos grows and develops into a foetus
uterine lining - where the fertilised egg implants
vagina - where sperm is deposited by penis during copulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

structures of sperm

A

sperms are designed for swimming towards egg for fertilisation

tails, head, nucleus and mitochondrion

-small cell
-tail for swimming
-many mitochondria for ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

structure of egg

A

designed to develop into an embryo once fertilised

nucleus, yolk and cell membrane

-large cell
-contains nucleus
-contains yolk which acts as a food source for developing embryo (after 6-8 weeks placenta is formed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is fertilisation

A

fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote (diploid zygote is the single cell formed immediately following fertilisation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

17
Q

what is a placenta

A

a accessory organ to provide nourishment to the developing embryo. The mothers and the embryos circulation are separate but close enough for exchange of materials.

18
Q

name two materials which pass from the mothers blood to the embryo and two from the embryos to the mothers

A

mother -> embryo
variety of nutrients and oxygen

embryo -> mother
variety of waste products and CO2

19
Q

what is continuous variation

A

continuous variation can be measured and there is a wide range of values between two extremes (from minimum and maximum)
Continuous variation is controlled by many genes all interacting together - polygenic inheritance
measured in a line graph
e.g. height, weight, hand span, shoe size

20
Q

what is discrete variation

A

discrete variation is clear cut and is easily observed
these characteristics can be put into distinct categories
discrete variation is controlled by a single gene - single gene inheritance
(represented in bar graph)

21
Q

what are genes

A

a gene is a section of DNA which codes for a protein

21
Q

what are genes

A

a gene is a section of DNA which codes for a protein

22
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the outwards appearance of an organism, the physical characteristics
(e.g. brown hair, Caucasian)

23
Q

what is a genotype

A

the genes that an organism processes
(e.g. Bb, FF)

24
Q

what does dominant mean

A

a dominant allele always shows up in the appearance of an organism
(written as capital letters)

25
Q

what does recessive mean

A

a recessive allele only shows up in the appearance of an organism if it has inherited two of them

26
Q

what does heterozygous mean

A

if an organism has two different alleles of a gene it is said to be heterozygous
(Aa)
hetero like heterosexual, different genders = different letter case

27
Q

what does homozygous mean ?

A

if an organism has two identical alleles of the same gene it is said to be homozygous
(e.g, homosexual, same gender = same case )

28
Q

what is allele

A

different forms of the same gene
e.g brown, blue or green eye colour

29
Q

what goes in the top left corner of a punnet square

A

P = parent generation
F1 = first offspring generation
F2 = second offspring generation

30
Q

why are the phenotype ratios predicted in a punnet square not always achieved in a real life scenario

A

because fertilisation is a random process with an element of chance

31
Q

what is a genetic disorder ?

A

a disease caused by genes - hereditary

32
Q

name 4 genetic disorders

A

cystic fibrosis
sickle cell anaemia
Huntington’s disease
haemophilia

33
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

lung bogeys - causes respiratory and GI system to produce too much mucous
affects numerous organs
very serious
CAUSED BY RECESSIVE ALLELE

34
Q

what is Huntington’s disease

A

causes neurons to deteriorate
make it very difficult for body to coordinate thoughts and movements
very serious
CAUSED BY A DOMINANT ALLELE

35
Q

what is haemophilia

A

blood has trouble clotting
make it very difficult for body to stop bleeding
can be very serious
CAUSED BY A RECESSIVE ALLELE

36
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia

A

red blood cells become crescent shaped and clogs vessels
makes it difficult to transport oxygen - hypoxia
very serious
CAUSED BY A RECESSIVE ALLELE

36
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia

A

red blood cells become crescent shaped and clogs vessels
makes it difficult to transport oxygen - hypoxia
very serious
CAUSED BY A RECESSIVE ALLELE

nat 5 biolgy (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions