DNA and Genetic Engineering Flashcards
What is Genetic Engineering
The transfer of genetic information from one organism to another (eg human cell to bacterial cell)
where is DNA in a cell
nucleus (apart from bacterial cell)
what shape is DNA?
Double-Helix
what is the result of genetic engineering
results in genetically modified host organism producing a human protein (eg insulin, factor VIII, human growth hormone)
what are chromosomes made of
DNA
what are chromosomes made of
DNA
what are chromosomes made of
DNA
what are the steps of protein synthesis
1) In Nucleus DNA unwinds and the strands separate.
2) mRNA creates a complimentary copy of the DNA code.
3) mRNA carries the code through the cytoplasm to a ribosome.
4) The order of mRNA bases determines the order of amino acids.
5) Amino acids join together to form a protein (joined by peptide bonds)
what do genes do
code for protein
What are sections of chromosomes called
genes
what joins the two strands in DNA
base pairs
what are all of the base pairs
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
What base pairs join together
Adenine with Thymine, cytosine and guanine
what type of bonds connect the base pairs
hydrogen bonds
What are the steps of genetic engineering
1) gene of interest identified and cut out of chromosome with enzymes.
2) Bacterial plasmid removed from cell - cut open with enzymes.
3) gene of interest inserted into plasmid - sealed shut using enzymes.
4) Altered plasmid inserted into bacterial host cell.
5) Genetically engineered bacterial cell multiplies and produces human protein.
6) Human protein extracted and purified and sold as medicine.s
