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Biology > Genes And Dna > Flashcards

Genes And Dna Flashcards

0
Q

Pros of GM plants

A

Long lasting fruits
Contain more: vitamins, nutrients
Can produce: human antibodies, antigens
Resistance to: weed killers, frost, pests, diseases

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1
Q

Genetically modified plants

A

Introduce a new gene into a plant cell
Produce a whole plant from that single cell
Agrobacterium inserts plasmids into plant cells

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2
Q

Cons of GM plants

A

Pests may become resistant to the plants
Expensive
Worries about them interbreeding with wild plants

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3
Q

GM bacteria, single celled

A

Easy to see the effect of the inserted gene

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4
Q

GM bacteria

A

Used to make human insulin
Enzymes for washing powders to work at high temperatures
Making human growth hormone

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5
Q

The nucleus caontains

A

Contains chromosomes

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6
Q

Chromosomes have

A

Have genes located on them

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7
Q

Genes are

A

Sections of a DNA molecule
Controls certain characteristic developments
Codes for specific proteins
Exists in alternative forms called alleles

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8
Q

Alleles

A

Give rise to differences int he inherited characteristics

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9
Q

Human cells diploid number

A

46 cells

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10
Q

Human cells haploid number

A

23 cells

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11
Q

Sex of a person

A

Controlled by one pair of chromosomes

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12
Q

Sex- female chromosomes

A

XX

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13
Q

Sex- male chromosomes

A

XY

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14
Q

Mutations

A

Rare, random changes in the genetic material that can be inherited

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15
Q

DNA

A

Double helix structure

Can reproduce itself

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16
Q

DNA paired bases

A

Admine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
A-T
G-C

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17
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA from two different species

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18
Q

Transgenic / genetically modified organism

A

An organism that receives a new gene from a different species

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19
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

The enzyme used to cut the gene

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20
Q

Ligase enzymes

A

The enzyme used to stick the gene

21
Q

Genetic modification is

A

Cutting a gene of an organism

Inserting it into the DNA of another

22
Q

How is Genetic modification done

A

By using special enzymes

To cut the gene out of a chromosome and sticking it into another

23
Q

Viruses in Genetic modification

A

Used to transfer pieces of DNA from one organism to another

24
Q

Homozygous

A

Both Alleles are the same

25
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles

26
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical characteristic of an organism due to a pair of alleles

27
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles of a cell/ organism has for a particular feature

28
Q

Codominace

A

Neither allele is dominant, both contribute to the appearance of the offspring

29
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

No sex cells

No meiosis

30
Q

Cloning through asexual

A

A part of the organism grows and forms a genetically identical organism by meiosis

31
Q

Clones

A

Identical offspring

32
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Two sex cells combine to form a new diploid cell (zygote) at fertilisation

33
Q

Identical twins

A

Formed from the same zygote

34
Q

Meiosis

A

Results in sex cells (gametes)
Two cell divisions
Chromosomes divide randomly between the daughter cells so they aren’t identical

35
Q

Mitosis steps

A

Four chromosomes
Each chromosome copies itself
The cell divides into two
Each new cell has a copy of each of the chromosomes

36
Q

Mitosis

A

Results in two identical daughter cells

The cells are diploid

37
Q

Zygote

A

Formed after fertilisation, made by meiosis

38
Q

Mitosis in our body

A

Growth, repair, cloning, asexual reproduction

All the cells in our body formed this way (mitosis of the zygote)

Important for the replacement of cells (skin, gut, blood cells)

39
Q

Meiosis steps

A

One cell: each chromosome copies itself
Divides once
One chromosome from each cell will combine with one other from another cell
Four cells produced (each with half the chromosome numbers of the original cell)

40
Q

A mutation

A

A change in the DNA of a cell

41
Q

When do mutations occur

A

When the DNA is replicating

As a cell divides

42
Q

Outcomes of mutations

A

A gene might now code for a different sequence of amino acids
They effect the way an organ works (grow)
Can be passed on to next generation if takes place in the sex cells

43
Q

Whole chromosome mutations

A

Result in the death of the cell

44
Q

Body cell numbers

A

Diploid
46 chromosomes
23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

These decide the sex

45
Q

Sex cells (gametes)

A

Have only one of each pair
Only 23 chromosomes each
They are haploid

46
Q

Chromosomes

A

Contained in the nucleus of the cell made up of DNA

47
Q

DNA

A

Molecules made up of inherited information

48
Q

Genes

A

Parts of DNA that control different inherited characteristics
Control the production of specific proteins in a cell
Come in two forms called alleles

49
Q

Alleles

A

Each one codes for a different form of the same thing

Dominant and recessive

50
Q

Dominant allele

A

The character they code for shows in the appearance of the individual

51
Q

Recessive allele

A

The character they code for only shoes if both alleles are recessive

Biology (19 decks)

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