Cloning Flashcards
Scientists hope for animal GM
That they might be able to develop organs that can be used as human transplants without being rejected by our immune system
Why are animals genetically engineered
To produce proteins needed to treat diseases (secreted in milk)
Cloning mammals
Diploid nucleus taken from uder cell
Placed in egg cell of another animal (nucleus removed)
Given an electric shock - starts it dividing
Develops into an embryo
Transferred into a new animals uterus
Cloning plants
By taking cuttings from the original plant you are producing identical offspring
Micro propagation
Taking tiny amounts of tissue from plants
Tissue is then supplied with hormones and minerals
They a re then transferred to compost in a greenhouse
Until they are fully grown
(They will all be identical)
Original brassica gives you all these:
Cabbage- terminal bud Cauliflower- flower cluster Broccoli- flowers and stems Kale- leaves Kohlrabi- stem Brussels sprouts- lateral buds
Selective breeding used for
Gaining desired characteristics
The animals with them are then used to breed
Selective breeding in animals
Heavier yields of milk, meat, eggs
More offspring
Selective breeding in plants
Resistance to disease
Heavy cropping
ability to survive difficult conditions
Example of natural selection (moths)
Dark moths die in areas with light trees- easily spotted by predators
Polluted black trees means this moth had an advantage and passed its dark colour gene onto the next generation
Example of natural selection (moths)
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is due to random mutations
Bacteria with the mutation that allows it to survive, will reproduce and pass on that mutation
The birth of a new species
If a completely new species is made the organisms may no longer be able to interbreed as they are so different one from another
Evolution
The process of organisms changing
New species arise from those that already exist
The organisms that best suited to their environment survive and breed, passing on their successful genes (natural selection)
Natural selection
Leads to change within a population
In time leads to a new species
