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Infectious - 3. Virology > Generalities > Flashcards

Generalities Flashcards

1
Q

A recent renal transplant recipient has fever, malaise, allograft dysfunction, and cells with “owl’s eye” inclusions. Diagnosis?

A

Cytomegalovirus infection

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2
Q

Not a retrovirus but has reverse transcriptase

A

Hepadnavirus

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3
Q

Largest DNA virus

A

Poxvirus

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4
Q

Longest virus

A

Ebola

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5
Q

Smallest DNA virus

A

Parvovirus

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6
Q

What is a pseudovirion?

A

The genetic material of one virus coated by the surface proteins of a different virus

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7
Q

Purified nucleic acids from which viruses are considered infectious?

A

Most double-stranded DNA viruses and positive-strand single-stranded RNA viruses

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8
Q

Why are negative-strand single-stranded RNA and double-stranded RNA viruses not infectious?

A

They require enzymes found in the complete virion to become infectious

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9
Q

Hepatitis B is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

DNA; enveloped

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10
Q

Herpesviruses are _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) viruses

A

DNA; enveloped

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11
Q

Smallpox is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

DNA; enveloped

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12
Q

Adenovirus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

DNA; nucleocapsid

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13
Q

Papillomavirus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

DNA; nucleocapsid

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14
Q

Parvovirus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

DNA; nucleocapsid

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15
Q

Influenza virus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

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16
Q

Parainfluenza is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

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17
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

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18
Q

Measles virus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

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19
Q

Rubella virus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

  • Note:*
  • It is a togavirus
  • Memory aid:*
  • SPIE To-Fla-Re
    • SS
    • Positive
    • Icosahedral
    • Enveloped
      • Togavirus
      • Flavivirus
      • Retrovirus
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20
Q

Mumps virus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

  • Note:*
  • It is a paramyxovirus
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21
Q

Rabies is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

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22
Q

Human T-lymphotropic virus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

  • Note:*
  • It is a retrovirus
  • Memory aid:*
  • SPIE To-Fla-Re
    • SS
    • Positive
    • Icosahedral
    • Enveloped
      • Togavirus
      • Flavivirus
      • Retrovirus
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23
Q

HIV is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; enveloped

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24
Q

Enteroviruses are _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) viruses

A

RNA; nucleocapsid

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25
Q

Rhinovirus is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; nucleocapsid

Note:

  • It is a picornavirus
  • Memory aid:*
  • SPIN Ca-He-Pi
    • SS
    • Positive
    • Icosahedral
    • Naked
      • Calicivirus
      • Hepevirus
      • Picornavirus
        • PERCH
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26
Q

Reovirus (rotavirus) is a _____ (DNA/RNA) _____ (enveloped/nucleocapsid) virus

A

RNA; nucleocapsid

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27
Q

Diagnosis and cause

A

Herpetic whitlow caused by HSV 1

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28
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?

A

Human herpesvirus type 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)

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29
Q

To what viral family does hepatitis B virus belong?

A

Hepadnavirus

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30
Q

Which enzyme does hepatitis B virus have in common with retrovirus?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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31
Q

JC virus is the causative agent of what condition in HIV-positive patients?

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

  • See:*
  • Neuro Dx – Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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32
Q

Vaccinia virus causes what condition?

A

Cowpox (“milkmaids blisters”)

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33
Q

Which is the only hepatitis-causing virus that is a DNA virus?

A

Hepatitis B virus

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34
Q

Which herpesvirus causes gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, temporal lobe encephalitis, and herpes labialis?

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1

35
Q

Herpes genitalis and neonatal herpes are most commonly caused by what herpes virus?

A

Herpes simplex virus type 2

36
Q

What is the most likely etiology for a mononucleosis-like presentation that is monospot test negative?

A

Cytomegalovirus

  • Note:*
  • EBV causes Monospot positive mononucleosis
37
Q

Human herpesvirus type 8 is primarily transmitted via what route?

A

Sexual contact

38
Q

What is the Tzanck test?

A

A test to detect multinucleated giant cells in opened skin vesicles of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 and varicella zoster virus

39
Q

Which herpesvirus is the most common cause of mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

40
Q

A college student presents to the emergency department with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy (especially posterior cervical nodes). Which viral infection should be suspected?

A

Epstein-Barr virus can cause mononucleosis, also known as the “kissing disease” because its peak incidence is 15-20 years old (peak “kissing years”); transmission is through saliva

41
Q

Which two picornaviruses commonly cause aseptic meningitis?

A

Echovirus and coxsackievirus

42
Q

Which two RNA viruses cause the common cold?

A

Which two RNA viruses cause the common cold?

43
Q

Aseptic meningitis; myocarditis; herpangina; and hand, foot, and mouth disease are caused by which picornavirus?

A

Coxsackieviruses

44
Q

Name a medically important calicivirus

A

Norwalk virus

45
Q

Rotavirus belongs to which viral family?

A

Reoviruses

Note:

  • Reoviruses include:
    • Rotavirus
    • Coltivirus
46
Q

Togaviruses cause what four diseases?

A
  • Rubella (German measles)
  • Eastern equine encephalitis
  • Western equine encephalitis
  • Chikungunya
  • Memory aid:*
  • Chik Rubi on a Horse has toga!
47
Q

Name two RNA viruses that have reverse transcriptase

A

HIV (a retrovirus), and human T-lymphotropic virus

48
Q

Human T-lymphotropic virus causes what disease?

A

T-lymphocyte leukemia

49
Q

Which medically important RNA virus belongs to the orthomyxovirus family?

50
Q

What disease does respiratory syncytial virus cause in babies?

A

Bronchiolitis

51
Q

Arenaviruses are the causative agents of what diseases?

A
  • LCMV—lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
  • Lassa fever encephalitis
52
Q

Bunyaviruses are the causative agents of what four diseases?

A
  • California encephalitis
  • Sandfly/Rift Valley fevers
  • Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
  • Hantavirus
53
Q

Hepatitis D virus belongs to which viral family?

A

Delta virus

54
Q

What must a negative-stranded DNA virus do to replicate within a human cell?

A

Transcribe its negative strand to a positive strand; it does this by carrying an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

55
Q

Picornaviruses (except rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus) can cause what condition in humans?

A

Aseptic meningitis

56
Q

Picornaviruses are (small/large) _____, (RNA/DNA) _____ viruses

A

Small, RNA

  • Remember:*
  • PicoRNAvirus = RNA virus
57
Q

Yellow fever is caused by a virus that belongs to what viral family?

A

Flavivirus, which is an arbovirus (flavi = yellow)

  • Memory aid:*
  • What’s the flavor? West Nile JC-SYDZ
58
Q

A 30-year-old man presents to the emergency room with a high fever, black vomitus, and a yellow discoloration to his skin. What is the most likely etiology?

A

Yellow fever

59
Q

Globally, what is the most important cause of infantile gastroenteritis?

60
Q

Influenza virus is _____ (enveloped/nonenveloped), with _____-_____ (single-stranded/double-stranded), _____ (segmented/nonsegmented) RNA

A

Enveloped; single-stranded; segmented

61
Q

The recombination of human flu A virus with swine flu A virus is an example of what?

A

Genetic shift, the reassortment of viral genome, which can cause worldwide pandemics

62
Q

An unvaccinated 4-year-old boy presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias and a fine truncal rash. The rash persists for only 3 days. Which viral infection should be suspected?

63
Q

Arboviruses include members of which viral families?

A

Flavivirus, Togavirus, and Bunyavirus

  • Remember:*
  • Fever Transmitted by Bites
64
Q

Viruses with ease to invade our machinery hence can cause infection right away

A
  • ssDNA virus: Parvoviridae
  • dsRNA virus: Reoviridae
65
Q

Gold standard in viral diagnosis

A

Presence of viral DNA or RNA

66
Q

Oncogenic viruses and diseases caused

A
  • HTLV 1
    • T-cell leukemia
  • HTLV 2
    • Hairy cell leukemia
  • HBV, HCV
    • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • HPV
    • Cervical cancer, anogenital cancer, skin cancer
  • EBV
    • Burkitt’s lymphoma, NPCA, immunoblastic lymphoma
  • HHV-8
    • Kaposi sarcoma, Castleman’s disease
67
Q

Most common cause of sporadic encephalitis

A

HSV 1

  • Note:*
  • Temporal lobe encephalitis
68
Q

The most common teratogen in utero

69
Q

The most common opportunistic pathogen in HIV

70
Q

Viral causes of diarrhea

A
  • Rotavirus
  • Norovirus
  • Adenovirus
71
Q

Most common cause of conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus

72
Q

Most common viral STD

A

HPV (serotype 6 and 11)

73
Q

Most common viral cause of myocarditis and pericarditis

A

Coxsackie B

74
Q

Most common cause of epidemic encephalitis

A

Japanese B virus

75
Q

Most common cause of nonbacterial diarrhea in adults

A

Norwalk virus (Norovirus)

76
Q

Most common microbial cause of congenital abnormalities

A

CMV

Memory aid:

  • _C_ongenital
  • _C_MV
77
Q

The most common cause of erythema multiforme

78
Q

Only vaccine that is routinely used post-exposure

A

Rabies virus

79
Q

Most common cause of aseptic meningitis

A

Coxsackievirus

80
Q

A patient presents with ulcerating painful lesions on her genitals similar to the image shown here. What is the diagnosis?

A

Herpes genitalis

81
Q

Only virus with fiber

A

Adenovirus

82
Q

Causes of mononucleosis

A
  • Heterophil-positive
    • Epstein-Barr Virus
  • Heterophil-negative
    • Cytomegalovirus
    • Toxoplasma

Infectious - 3. Virology (19 decks)

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