General, Systemic & Clinical Flashcards
Which condition uses Creatinine Kinase as a diagnostic marker?
a.Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis in horses
b.Equine protozoal neuritis (Sarcocystis neurona)
c.Immune-mediated polymyositis
d.All of the choices
All of the above
Which of the following is a condition that will likely exhibit a decreased MCV and MCHC?
a. Babesiosis
b. Iron deficiency.
c. Metarubricytosis.
d. In vitro hemolysis.
Iron deficiency
Necropsy of an emaciated animal reveals clear, gelatinous tissue over the heart and around the kidneys where normally fat should be present. This change is called which of the following?
a.Fat necrosis
b.Edema
c.Brown fat
d.Serous atrophy of fat
Serous atrophy of fat
The histiologic diagnosis when exudates are composed predominantly of neutrophils with seroproteinaceous edema fluid is:
a.Chronic inflammation
b. Pyogranulomatous inflammation
c.Eosinophilic inflammation
d.Purulent inflammation
Purulent inflammation
Which of the following is characterized by pinpoint hemorrhage of 1-2 mm in size?
a.Petecchial
b.Ecchymotic
c.Paintbrush
d.Massive hemorrhage
Petecchial
Which cell is not likely present in a blood smear from a psittacine?
a.Heterophils
b.Thrombocytes
c.Neutrophils
d.Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Which of the following terms is defined as phagocytosis of dead and dying neurons, where gitter cells aggregate and become satellite cells of dead and dying neurons?
a.Neuronophagia
b.Perivascular cuffing
c.Glial shrubbery
d.Gliosis
Neuronophagia
Reticulocytosis is the best indicator of enhanced erythropoiesis, except in:
a. Horses
b. Cattle
c. Dogs
d. Cats
Horses
Mulberry heart disease is also known as:
a.Fibrinous pericarditis
b.Dietary microangiopathy
c.Porcine polyserositis
d.Cerebrospinal angiopathy
Dietary microangiopathy
It is a rare condition in which the brain’s cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid?
a.Hydranencephaly
b.Porencephaly
c.Encephalocaele
d.Dysraphism
Hydranencephaly
Tetralogy of Fallot is a condition that results to intermixing of blood. Which of the following component defect is only a secondary lesion?
a.Pulmonic Stenosis
b.Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
c.Overriding Aorta
d.Ventricular Septal Defect
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
This is a decrease in the amount of tissue after normal growth has been achieved.
a.Agenesis
b.Aplasia
c.Atresia
d.Atrophy
Atrophy
A malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin is a:
a.Adenoma
b.Sarcoma
c.Carcinoma
d.Papilloma
Sarcoma
This portion of the hepatic lobule receives the least oxygenated blood and is therefore susceptible to hypoxia.
a.Centrilobula
b.Midzonal
c.Periportal
d.Portal triad
Centrilobular
Xanthomatosis which results from massive accumulation of lipids in macrophages is common in which species?
a.Avian
b.Mammalian
c.Reptilian
d.Amphibian
Avian
Apoptosis is which of the following?
a.A synonym of phagocytosis
b.The process of apocrine gland secretion
c.Cellular aging
d.Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death
At necropsy, lung is diffusely pale and rubbery in texture. It also has prominent rib imprints and has a meaty appearance. this lung change in pigs is highly suggestive of a viral pneumonia. Which of the following types of pneumonia will most likely fit the description?
a.Bronchopneumonia
b.Granulomatous pneumonia
c.Interstitial pneumonia
d.Aspiration pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia
This is also called ballooning degeneration.
a.Cloudy swelling
b.Hydropic degeneration
c.Fatty degeneration
d.Hyaline droplet degeneration
Hydropic degeneration
Themajority(~95%)oftheCO2inthebloodis intheformof:
a. Bicarbonate ion.
b. Carbonic acid.
c. Hydrogen ion.
d. Water.
Bicarbonate ion
Severe edema of the abomasal wall with severe petechial hemorrhages is particularly diagnostic in cattle affected with?
a.Ostertagia ostergii infection
b.Mycotic Abomasitis
c.Heartwater disease
d.Braxy
Heartwater disease
Swine erysipelas infection can be divided into acute and chronic forms, which of the following is most likely present in chronic cases of erysipelosis:
a.Diamond skin lesions
b.Arthritis and valvular endocarditis
c.Bacteremia
d.High fever
Arthritis and valvular endocarditis
Youareexaminingasamplefromachylouseffusion.Whichcellsdoyouexpecttoobserveinyourdiagnosticcytologypreparation?
a. Predominantly lymphocytes with very few neutrophils.
b. Predominantly neutrophils with very few lymphocytes.
c. Predominantly macrophages with very few neutrophils.
d. Predominantly mast cells with very few neutrophils.
Predominantly lymphocytes with very few neutrophils
Which of the following is a feature of acute inflammation?
a.Granulation tissue formation
b.Healing
c.Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins
d.Fibrosis
Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins
A hit-by-car cat was brought to the clinic for immediate veterinary medication. The cat suffered from severe acute hemorrhage and was initially given fluid. What do you think is the morphological classification of anemia if you examine the cat’s blood on that day?
a. Macrocytic hypochromic.
b. Microcytic hypochromic.
c. Macrocytic normochromic.
d. Normocytic normochromic.
Normocytic normochromic
Dystrophic calcification refers to which of the following?
a.Mineralization of viable tissue or cells
b.Mineralization due to hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
c.Mineralization of dead or damaged cells or tissues
d.Mineralization due to hypercalcemia and normophosphatemia
Mineralization of dead or damaged cells or tissues
Anthracosis occurs as a result of inhalation of:
a.Carbon compounds
b.Silica particles
c.Pollen grains
d.Asbestos fibers
Carbon compounds
Right congestive heart failure alone is typically associated with all of the following clinical signs except:
a.Pulmonary edema
b.Splenomegaly
c.Congestive hepatopathy
d.Ascites
Pulmonary edema
A cell membrane-associated enzyme used to detect cholestatic hepatobiliary disease in small animals.
a. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
b. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
c. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
d. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in dogs causes significant difficulty in breathing. Which of the following is not included as major clinical finding?
a.Stenotic nares
b.Hyperplastic trachea
c.Elongated soft palate
d.Everted laryngeal saccules
Hyperplastic trachea
This test can differentiate conjugated bilirubin from unconjugated bilirubin in the serum.
a.Osmotic fragility test
b.Van den Bergh test
c.Coombs test
d.Schilling test
Van den Bergh test
This implies further development and means that some of the organ is present but markedly reduced in size from normal.
a.Agenesis
b.Aplasia
c.Atresia
d.Atrophy
Aplasia
In most cases, all of the following congenital anomalies of the heart leads to left to right blood shunts except:
a.Patent ductus arteriosus
b.Ventricular septal defect
c.Tetralogy of fallot
d.Atrial septal defect
Tetralogy of fallot
Which of the following could lead to prerenal azotemia?
a.Renal amyloidosis
b.Urolithiasis
c.Glomerulonephritis
d.Hypovolemia
Hypovolemia
This results from a failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes.
a.Hare lip
b.Cheiloschisis
c.Cleft lip
d.Cleft palate
Cleft palate
Trichoblastoma is categorized as a _____ tumor.
a.Epithelial
b.Mesenchymal
c.Round cell
d.Neuroendocrine
Epithelial
Acute multifocal necrotizing hepatitis is an example of a:
a.Clinical diagnosis
b.Definitive diagnosis
c.Morphologic diagnosis
d.Etiologic diagnosis
Morphologic diagnosis
An adenocarcinoma is of _______ origin.
a.Epithelial
b.Mesenchymal
c.Hemopoietic
d.Nervous
Epithelial
What is the Van den Bergh test result when there is haemolytic icterus?*
a.Indirect
b.Direct +
c.Direct ++
d.Direct +++
Indirect
What is the Van den Bergh test result when there is haemolytic icterus?*
a.Indirect
b.Direct +
c.Direct ++
d.Direct +++
Indirect
This is characterized by cranioventral consolidation of lungs.
a.Suppurative bronchopneumonia
b.Verminous pneumonia
c.Interstitial pneumonia
d.Granulomatous pneumonia
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
Nutmeg liver is an example of:
a.hyperemia
b.congestion
c.infarction
d.ischemia
End-stage liver is also known as:
a.Ductular reaction
bPiecemeal necrosis
c.Cholangiohepatitis
d.Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis
In persistent right aortic arch, The right aortic arch fails to regress normally. What is the most common clinical sign present in puppies with PRAA?
a.Pale MM
b.Regurgitation
c.Syncope
d.Difficulty in breathing
Regurgitation
In persistent right aortic arch, The right aortic arch fails to regress normally. What is the most common clinical sign present in puppies with PRAA?
a.Pale MM
b.Regurgitation
c.Syncope
d.Difficulty in breathing
Regurgitation
Concerning suppurative inflammation, which of the following statements is least accurate?
a.It is characterized by accumulation of macrophages
b.It is synonymous with purulent inflammation
c.It is signifying acute inflammation
d.It produces pus
It is characterized by accumulation of macrophages
What do you conclude in an assay showing increased levels of C-reactive protein?
a. There is an acute inflammation possibly due to bacterial infection.
b. There is a chronic inflammation possibly due to bacterial infection.
c. There is an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.
d. There is a lack of vitamin C in the body.
There is an acute inflammation possibly due to bacterial infection.
Heart failure after euthanasia results to:
a.Active hyperemia
b.Chronic passive congestion
c.Acute passive congestion
d.Ischemia
Ischemia
Strangles in horses is caused bystreptococcusequisubsp.equi, which of the following lesions is commonly associated with this disease?
a.Acute suppurative lymphadenitis
b.Chronic suppulymphadenitis
c.Acute granulomatous lymphadenitis
d.Chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis
Acute suppurative lymphadenitis
Which of the following may have a mixed type tumor?
a.Lymph vessel
b.Lymphocyte
c.Mammary gland
d.Adrenal gland
Mammary gland
The “bread and butter” appearance of the heart is due to the accumulation of:
a.serous exudate
b.fibrinous exudate
c.purulent exudate
d.catarrhal exudate
fibrinous exudate
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is related with defects in cells such as?
a.Neuron
b.Neutrophils
c.Erythrocytes
d.Hepatocytes
Neutrophils
The following are biochemical tests use to effectively evaluate the urinary system of reptiles except?
BUN
Uric Acid
Calcium
Phosphorous
BUN
This is a hereditary disorder of bone growth that occur because of primary lesions in growth cartilage.
a.Osteogenesis imperfecta
b.Chondrodysplasia
c.Osteochondrosis dissecans
d.Epiphysiolysis
Chondrodysplasia
In acute inflammation, neutrophilic exudation is soon followed by ______ exudation.
a.Monocyte
b.Eosinophil
c,Basophil
d.Lymphocyte
Monocyte
How can chronic kidney disease be suspected before azotemia of CRF develops?
a.Kidney size increases
b.There is a loss of ability to maximally concentrate urine
c.Urinary protein levels decrease (in the presence of a silent urinary sediment)
d.Hyperalbuminemia is present
There is a loss of ability to maximally concentrate urine
At necropsy of an adult black-faced sheep, black discoloration is discovered in the meninges over the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. This finding represents which of the following?
a.Melanoma
b.Melanosis
c.Infarction
d.Hemosiderosis
Melanosis
Which of the following causes normocytic normochromic anemia?
a. Babesiosis.
b. Iron deficiency.
c. Chronic renal disease.
d. Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Chronic renal disease
Fusobacterium necrophorum infection (Calf diphtheria) in calves less than 3 months old will most likely demonstrate all of the following gross lesions except:
a.Glossitis
b.Laryngitis
c.Esophagitis
d.Stomatitis
Laryngitis
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in horses significantly affects which part of circulatory system that leads to chronic abscesses in the pectoral region, ventral abdomen, and preputial or mammary regions?
a.Arteries
b.Veins
c.Lymphatic vessels
d.Capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
At necropsy, The surface of the heart displays multiple areas of hemorrhage. Areas of necrosis, looking like pale streaks on the heart can also be present. Which of the following will most likely lead to this myocardial lesions in pigs?
a.Salt toxicity
b.Vitamin E-selenium deficiency
c.Ionophore toxicity
d.FMD
Vitamin E-selenium deficiency
The differential diagnosis of head pressing, dementia, changes in behavior, and ataxia in a 6-month-old puppy does not typically include which of the following?
a.Trauma
b.Hepatic encephalopathy
c.Brain tumor
d.Hydrocephalus
Brain tumor
Acute inflammation is characterized by all except which of the following?
a.Hyperemia
b.Pain
c.Edema
d.Fibrosis
Fibrosis
The accumulation of this pigment in the canine myocardium has a linear correlation with the age of the dog.
a.Lipofuscin
b.Hemoglobin
c.Hemosiderin
d.Melanin
Lipofuscin
Dogs infected with which of the following organisms can shed oocysts in feces that can then infect cattle, causing abortion?
a.Neospora caninum
b.Hepatozoon americanum
c.Lesihmania infantum
d.Toxoplasma gondii
Neospora caninum
Causes of tissue atrophy include all except which of the following?
a.Decreased workload
b.Loss of innervation
c.Overuse
d.Inadequate nutrition
Overuse
This is a type of necrosis that tends to develop at the distal aspect of extremities, such as the limbs, tail, or pinnae, or in dependent portions of organs, such as the mammary glands or lung lobes.
a.Coagulative
b.Caseous
c.Gangrenous
d.Liquefactive
Gangrenous
Granulomatous pneumonia is characterized by the presence of caseous necrotic nodules in the lungs. Which of the following diseases will most likely result to this kind of lesion?
a.Enzootic pneumonia
b.PRRS
c.Tuberculosis
d.Influenza
Tuberculosis
Which of the following is not a chemical mediator of acute inflammation?
a.Bradykinin
b.Interferon-γ
c.Tumor necrosis factor
d.Interleukin-1
Interferon-γ
On sections of this tumor, the malignant cells form isolated lakes of cells that most of the time form keratin, known as “keratin pearls” and is diagnostic to what type of tumor?
a.Adenocarcinoma
b.Hemangiosarcoma
c.Squamous Cell Carcinoma
d.Melanoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Which if the following refers to a change from one mature cell type to another?
a.Neoplasia
b.Metaplasia
c.Hypertrophy
d.Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
In high altitude regions, Cattles will most likely develop which of the following conditions due to chronic hypoxia?
a.Relative erythrocytosis
b.Primary erythrocytosis
c.Secondary erythrocytosis
d.Polycythemia vera
Secondary erythrocytosis
Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to development of an anemic (white)infarct rather than a hemorrhagic (red) infarct?
a.Arterial occlusion
b.Venous occlusion
c.Infarction of loose tissue
d.Infarction of tissue with a dual blood supply
Arterial occlusion
This pigment accounts for the blackening of the migration tracts of juvenile liver flukes (Fascioloides magna) in ruminants.
a.Hematin
b.Bilirubin
c.Melanin
d.Hemosiderin
Hematin
You suspect that the animal has respiratory acidosis. What is likely the compensatory mechanism?
a.No compensatory mechanism.
b.Compensatory metabolic alkalosis due to renal excretion of H+.
c.Compensatory metabolic alkalosis due to renal excretion of HCO3-.
d.Compensatory respiratory alkalosis due to pulmonary excretion of H+.
Compensatory metabolic alkalosis due to renal excretion of H+
A prolonged Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time (BMBT) and moderately to severely low platelet count indicates:
a.Thrombocytopenia.
b.Intrinsic Pathway defect.
c.Factor VII deficiency.
d.Fulminant Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.
Thrombocytopenia
Which test is best used for screening Cushing’s disease in cats?
a.CBC
b.Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
c.High-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
d.ACTH Stimulation Test
Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
Type II hypersensitivity is:
a.Immediate type hypersensitivity
b.Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
c.Immune complex hypersensitivity
d.Delayed-type hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Which of the following is the most common valvular condition resulting in poor athletic performance by horses?
a.Mitral regurgitation
b.Aortic insufficiency
c.Tricuspid regurgitation
d.Atrial fibrillation
Mitral regurgitation
In which of the following types of necrosis does the gross and microscopic architecture of the tissue and some of the cells remain recognizable?
Coagulation necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Malacia
Coagulation necrosis
Which of the following erythrocyte parasites that occur in cat can be found epicellular?
a.Babesia felis
b.Mycoplasma haemofelis
c.Babesia cati
d.Cytauxzoon feli
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Tuberculin reaction, a diagnostic tool for tuberculosis is a:
a.Type I hypersensitivity
b.Type II hypersensitivity
c.Type III hypersensitivity
d.Type IV hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
Bloat can be a major cause of sudden death in feedlot cattle. Bloat line is a characteristic lesion during necropsy of a deceased cattle affected by this condition. All of the following statements about ruminal typany is correct except:
Cervical esophagus is hemorrhagic and congested
Thoracic esophagus is pale and blanched
Primary ruminal tympany is caused by physical obstruction
Secondary ruminal tympany is also known as free-gas bloat
Primary ruminal tympany is caused by physical obstruction
Which of the following cannot occur as a postmortem change?
a.Rigor mortis
b.Hemorrhage
c.Livor mortis
d.Discoloration
Hemorrhage
This shape of erythrocytes is associated with hemolytic anemia and in reaction to certain drugs such as phenothiazine and chloramphenicol?
a.Echinocytes
b.Drepanocyte
c.Schizocyte
d.Dacryocyte
Dacryocyte
This refers to the dilation of lymphatic vessels.
a.Lymphangiectasia
b.Hereditary lymphedema
c.Lymphangioma
d.Lymphangitis
Lymphangiectasia
Hereditary
Necropsy of a debilitated bird reveals chalky, white streaks on the epicardium and within the kidney. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
a.Necrosis
b.Visceral gout
c.Mineralization
d.Purulent inflammation
Visceral gout
Herpesvirus, paramyxovirus, adenovirus, calicivirus, retrovirus and prions causes this type of pneumonia in their respective host:
a.Bronchopneumonia
b.Interstitial pneumonia
c.Granulomatous pneumonia
d.Fibrinous pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia
In a Romanowsky-stained blood smear, which part of the cell will you check to differentiate neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?
a. The color of the nucleus.
b. The segmentation of the nucleus.
c. The color of granules in the cytoplasm.
d. The segmentation of the cytoplasm.
The color of granules in the cytoplasm.
Weanling horses are most prone to which of the following disorders?
a.Meconium impaction
b.Strangulating lipoma
c.Rectal prolapse
d.Ascarid impaction
Ascarid impaction
Hare lip in puppies has been attributed to genetic abnormalities, excessive intake of vitamin A and cortisone therapy during gestation. Which of the following involves failure of premaxilla fusion and harelip?
a.Palatoschisis
b.Primary cleft palate
c.Secondary cleft palate
d.Cheilitis
Primary cleft palate
Neoplastic cell populations of uncertain origin are called:
a.Anaplastic neoplasms
b.Mixed tumors
c.Benign tumors
d.Malignant tumors
Anaplastic neoplasms
An infarct is which of the following?
a.An area of caseous necro sis
b.An embolus
c.An area of ischemic necrosis
d.Thrombosis
An area of ischemic necrosis
Pandy test is a procedure to determine the presence of immunoglobulins in?
a.CSF
b.Milk
c.Peritoneal Fluid
d.Aqueous Humor
CSF
Which of the following is the most reliable feature in differentiating between malignant and benign neoplasm?
a.Mitotic rate
b.Development of metastasis
c.Local invasiveness
d.Degree of differentiation
Development of metastasis
Use of improperly buffered formalin may lead to formation of which of the following pigmented artifacts on histologic examination?
a.hemosiderin
b.iron
c.melanin
d.acid hematin
acid hematin
Patent ductus arteriosus is a bypass between the pulmonary artery and aorta of a developing fetus. This bypass normally closes at birth or shortly after birth and forms into which of the following structures?
a.Ascending aorta
b.Foramen ovale
c.Ligamentum arteriosum
d.Pulmonary artery
Ligamentum arteriosum
Chronic inflammation will result to which of the following exudates?
a.Purulent exudates
b.Granulomatous exudates
c.Hemorrhagic exudates
d.Catarrhal exudates
Granulomatous exudates
A bruise is a result of ____:
a.hemorrhage
b.hematoma
c.ischemia
d.hyperemia
hemorrhage
Which of the following testicular tumors causes feminization, alopecia, and squamous metaplasia of the prostate?
a.Interstitial cell tumor
b.Seminoma
c.Transitional cell carcinoma
d.Sertoli cell tumor
Sertoli cell tumor
In epithelial cells, the transition from normal columnar epithelial lining to squamous epithelial lining is a form of:
a.aplasia
b.dysplasia
c.hyperplasia
d.metaplasia
metaplasia
