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Bi 232 - PCC Anatomy > General senses, and smell and taste lecture > Flashcards

General senses, and smell and taste lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is transduction?

A

It is the process of changing the stimulus in an action potential

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2
Q

What is phasic sense?

A

senses that adapt out over time

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3
Q

What is a tonic sense?

A

sense that do not adapt out over time

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4
Q

How long does it take a smell to fade?

A

50% of sense of smell adapted out in 1 second all by 1 minute

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5
Q

What is a Receptive field?

A

The size of the area feeding into same neuron

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6
Q

What is another name for the kind of stimulus?

A

The modality (i.e mechanoreceptor, baroreceptor)

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7
Q

How many neuron per cone?

A

1

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8
Q

How many rods per neuron in the eye

A

500-600

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9
Q

What are structural classification of sensory neurons

A

Free dendrite receptors, Encapsulated nerve endings, separate sensory cells

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10
Q

What modalities of receptors are Free dendritic endings?

A

All Noci and thermo, some,chemo some mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

How does a free dendridic nerve ending send its signal?

A

Graded receptors that will summated at the trigger zone

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12
Q

What modality of receptors are Encapsulated nerve ending?

A

Mechanoreceptors like corpuscles

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13
Q

What are the three classifications by location for receptors?

A

Exteroreceptors, interoreceptors, proproceptors

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14
Q

What does an interoreceptor do and can you feel them ?

A

Moniter internal environment like blood pressure, generally can’t feel them except for pain or pressure

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15
Q

Where do you find proprioceptors

A

muscles, tendons, joints and inner ear

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16
Q

Are Ruffnini Corpuscles tonic or phasic?

A

The are tonic and primarily for p

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17
Q

What are Merkel’s Disc and what are the for?

A

flattened dendritic cells touching the stratum basale. They are for discriminative touch. so not equally distributed.

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18
Q

What location classification of Ruffini corpuscles and are the tonic or phasic.

A

The are in all location and they are tonic

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19
Q

Where is a unique location and function for End bulbs of Krause

A

They are on upper lip and slow down heart rate dramatically. Measures rate of conductivity away from your body

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20
Q

All corpuscles are what type of receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

What temperature do cold receptors operate at?

A

50-105F

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22
Q

What temperature do warm receptors operate at?

A

90-118F

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23
Q

How do you perceive far hot and cold outside of the normal thermoreceptor range

A

As pain

24
Q

How large is the receptor field for thermoreceptors, and what is their structural classification?

A

about 1mm. free dendritic endings

25
Q

Nociceptors are a special kind of what receptor? What do they typical respond to

A

chemoreceptors. They responds to chemicals that are outside the cell that are usually inside.

26
Q

What are common chemicals that stimulate nociceptors

A

Potassium, kinins, prostaglandins

27
Q

What is the term for stimulating other receptors to relieve pain

A

Spinal gating

28
Q

What part of the brain acts on acute pain to stop it from being felt?

A

the reticular formation

29
Q

What is another name for “slow pain”

A

chronic pain

30
Q

What is happening to ion concentration around cells in referred pain

A

The quick succession of signal cause depolarization in an area on the path of the pain the makes it feel that the pain if from the location. Ie arm in a hear attack on its was up to the brain

31
Q

How do analgesics work on pain?

A

Nocieceptors don’t get a signal

32
Q

How does novocaine or lidocaine work on Pain?

A

Block voltage regulated sodium channels. receptor works, but shuts down along axon.

33
Q

How does morphine work on Pain?

A

It lessens or eliminates the perception of pain

34
Q

How are Muscles spindles used in proprioception

A

When a muscles is stretched the muscle spindle shed the information to the CNS. This is tonic

35
Q

Where do you find Golgi tendon organs and how do the work?

A

They are at the junction of muscle and tendon they really signals to CNS to relax the muscles when overstretched.

36
Q

About how many different odors can humans identify?

A

10,000

37
Q

how often do olfactory cells get replaced?

A

about every 60 days?

38
Q

What kind of neurons are olfactory neurons?

A

bi polar

39
Q

What kind of molecules can be smelled?

A

volatile water soluble molecules?

40
Q

How does does the scent cause an action potential?

A

The compound binds to a ligand gated sodium channel.

41
Q

Where is the olfactory cortex?

A

In the temporal lobe

42
Q

What is the role of the habenular nuclei in smell?

A

It produces emotion based physiological response to smell, such as calm or agitation

43
Q

Where are the Foliate papillae, what do the look like what do they do.

A

The are on the sides of the tongue and look clover shaped

44
Q

Describe the location and test bud concentration Fungiform pappilae

A

They are on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and have about 5 taste buds per papillae

45
Q

Describe the location and test bud concentration of Vallate papillae

A

The are on the back of the tongue. Have 1/2 of all taste buds and about 250 taste buds per papillae

46
Q

Describe the location and function of Filiform papillae.

A

They are for texture and are when the fungiform ones are

47
Q

What kinds of neurons are gustatory cells?

A

bipolar

48
Q

What stimulates the salt taste receptors

A

Sodium

49
Q

What stimulates the salt taste receptors

A

Sodium. It is a direct depolarizer

50
Q

What stimulates sour taste

A

Acids with protons. It is a direct depolarizer

51
Q

What taste bitter. How is this sense propagated

A

Alkaloids, with an OH-. These use a second message system, for amplification. This allows for high bitter sensitivity.

52
Q

How does umami work?

A

Binds to glutamate. It also uses a secondary messanger system

53
Q

How does sweet work?

A

It uses a second messenger system, but how the binding works is not yet known.

54
Q

What is a Synthetic sense?

A

Identifying a sense in its totality. All vision is synthetic.

55
Q

What is a Analytical sense?

A

individual components of a sense

56
Q

Are taste and small synthetic or analytical senses?

A

Both. Can identify a whole, or break down components.

Bi 232 - PCC Anatomy (12 decks)

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