General senses, and smell and taste lecture

Question 1

What is transduction?

Answer 1

It is the process of changing the stimulus in an action potential

Question 2

What is phasic sense?

Answer 2

senses that adapt out over time

Question 3

What is a tonic sense?

Answer 3

sense that do not adapt out over time

Question 4

How long does it take a smell to fade?

Answer 4

50% of sense of smell adapted out in 1 second all by 1 minute

Question 5

What is a Receptive field?

Answer 5

The size of the area feeding into same neuron

Question 6

What is another name for the kind of stimulus?

Answer 6

The modality (i.e mechanoreceptor, baroreceptor)

Question 7

How many neuron per cone?

Answer 7

1

Question 8

How many rods per neuron in the eye

Answer 8

500-600

Question 9

What are structural classification of sensory neurons

Answer 9

Free dendrite receptors, Encapsulated nerve endings, separate sensory cells

Question 10

What modalities of receptors are Free dendritic endings?

Answer 10

All Noci and thermo, some,chemo some mechanoreceptors

Question 11

How does a free dendridic nerve ending send its signal?

Answer 11

Graded receptors that will summated at the trigger zone

Question 12

What modality of receptors are Encapsulated nerve ending?

Answer 12

Mechanoreceptors like corpuscles

Question 13

What are the three classifications by location for receptors?

Answer 13

Exteroreceptors, interoreceptors, proproceptors

Question 14

What does an interoreceptor do and can you feel them ?

Answer 14

Moniter internal environment like blood pressure, generally can’t feel them except for pain or pressure

Question 15

Where do you find proprioceptors

Answer 15

muscles, tendons, joints and inner ear

Question 16

Are Ruffnini Corpuscles tonic or phasic?

Answer 16

The are tonic and primarily for p

Question 17

What are Merkel’s Disc and what are the for?

Answer 17

flattened dendritic cells touching the stratum basale. They are for discriminative touch. so not equally distributed.

Question 18

What location classification of Ruffini corpuscles and are the tonic or phasic.

Answer 18

The are in all location and they are tonic

Question 19

Where is a unique location and function for End bulbs of Krause

Answer 19

They are on upper lip and slow down heart rate dramatically. Measures rate of conductivity away from your body

Question 20

All corpuscles are what type of receptors?

Answer 20

Mechanoreceptors

Question 21

What temperature do cold receptors operate at?

Answer 21

50-105F

Question 22

What temperature do warm receptors operate at?

Answer 22

90-118F

Question 23

How do you perceive far hot and cold outside of the normal thermoreceptor range

Answer 23

As pain

Question 24

How large is the receptor field for thermoreceptors, and what is their structural classification?

Answer 24

about 1mm. free dendritic endings

Question 25

Nociceptors are a special kind of what receptor? What do they typical respond to

Answer 25

chemoreceptors. They responds to chemicals that are outside the cell that are usually inside.

Question 26

What are common chemicals that stimulate nociceptors

Answer 26

Potassium, kinins, prostaglandins

Question 27

What is the term for stimulating other receptors to relieve pain

Answer 27

Spinal gating

Question 28

What part of the brain acts on acute pain to stop it from being felt?

Answer 28

the reticular formation

Question 29

What is another name for "slow pain"

Answer 29

chronic pain

Question 30

What is happening to ion concentration around cells in referred pain

Answer 30

The quick succession of signal cause depolarization in an area on the path of the pain the makes it feel that the pain if from the location. Ie arm in a hear attack on its was up to the brain

Question 31

How do analgesics work on pain?

Answer 31

Nocieceptors don't get a signal

Question 32

How does novocaine or lidocaine work on Pain?

Answer 32

Block voltage regulated sodium channels. receptor works, but shuts down along axon.

Question 33

How does morphine work on Pain?

Answer 33

It lessens or eliminates the perception of pain

Question 34

How are Muscles spindles used in proprioception

Answer 34

When a muscles is stretched the muscle spindle shed the information to the CNS. This is tonic

Question 35

Where do you find Golgi tendon organs and how do the work?

Answer 35

They are at the junction of muscle and tendon they really signals to CNS to relax the muscles when overstretched.

Question 36

About how many different odors can humans identify?

Answer 36

10,000

Question 37

how often do olfactory cells get replaced?

Answer 37

about every 60 days?

Question 38

What kind of neurons are olfactory neurons?

Answer 38

bi polar

Question 39

What kind of molecules can be smelled?

Answer 39

volatile water soluble molecules?

Question 40

How does does the scent cause an action potential?

Answer 40

The compound binds to a ligand gated sodium channel.

Question 41

Where is the olfactory cortex?

Answer 41

In the temporal lobe

Question 42

What is the role of the habenular nuclei in smell?

Answer 42

It produces emotion based physiological response to smell, such as calm or agitation

Question 43

Where are the Foliate papillae, what do the look like what do they do.

Answer 43

The are on the sides of the tongue and look clover shaped

Question 44

Describe the location and test bud concentration Fungiform pappilae

Answer 44

They are on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and have about 5 taste buds per papillae

Question 45

Describe the location and test bud concentration of Vallate papillae

Answer 45

The are on the back of the tongue. Have 1/2 of all taste buds and about 250 taste buds per papillae

Question 46

Describe the location and function of Filiform papillae.

Answer 46

They are for texture and are when the fungiform ones are

Question 47

What kinds of neurons are gustatory cells?

Answer 47

bipolar

Question 48

What stimulates the salt taste receptors

Answer 48

Sodium

Question 49

What stimulates the salt taste receptors

Answer 49

Sodium. It is a direct depolarizer

Question 50

What stimulates sour taste

Answer 50

Acids with protons. It is a direct depolarizer

Question 51

What taste bitter. How is this sense propagated

Answer 51

Alkaloids, with an OH-. These use a second message system, for amplification. This allows for high bitter sensitivity.

Question 52

How does umami work?

Answer 52

Binds to glutamate. It also uses a secondary messanger system

Question 53

How does sweet work?

Answer 53

It uses a second messenger system, but how the binding works is not yet known.

Question 54

What is a Synthetic sense?

Answer 54

Identifying a sense in its totality. All vision is synthetic.

Question 55

What is a Analytical sense?

Answer 55

individual components of a sense

Question 56

Are taste and small synthetic or analytical senses?

Answer 56

Both. Can identify a whole, or break down components.