Brain Lecture Flashcards
What is a primary area?
The area of the brain the processed the initial stimulus (primary visual cortex etc.)
What are Commissural fibers, and what are three main locations of these?
Fibers that cross hemispheres. Corpus collosum, Anterior Commissure, posterior commissure
Why is the red nucleus of the midbrain red and what pathway is part of?
It is red because it has high iron levels. It isInvolved in the Indirect motor pathway.
What are important properties of CSF that support the brain?
- buoyancy, protection, and chemical stability
What neurotransmitter is required for caffeine to prevent adenosine binding?
Norepinephrine
What are Association Fibers?
White matter send information within the same hemisphere
Describe stage 4 sleep about how long does it last.
Physical restive, when sleep walking would occur, and nightmares. Last about 90 minutes
What is your “muscle memory” located? What are two names for this area
The Pre-motor cortex, the muscles association area.
What separate the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
Central Sulcus
What are function of Wernike’s Area?
Works with syntax. Add comprehension to hearing of words
What is the function of the Habenular Nuclei?
emotional response to odors
What is immediate memory?
very temporal memory, last a few seconds or minutes
What is Agnosia?
Can’t recognize objects
What is contralateral neglect syndrome?
Person only knows one side of body exists
What kind of brain wave activity is present when your eyes are closed but are still aware and mostly awake, and what stage sleep is this?.
Alpha waves. Stage 1
What is the primary relay station for you sensory information?
The Thalamus
Describe the neurons of the Direct motor pathway?
Upper motor neuron prevents spontaneous contractions. Lower motor neuron causes muscles contraction
What area of the brain is primarily involved in homeostasis?
The hypothalamus
What are Gnostic areas?
combine all sensory association areas together
What is the function to the Correpsonding area to Broca’s area?
Picks up body language
What part of the brain Emotional context of memories?
Amygdala
How much CSF does an average person produce a day?
500mL
What causes Cerebral Palsy? Does it get worse throughout life?
Lack of oxygen that damages the brain. Is not degenerative.
What is a function of the medullary olives?
Importnat for proprioception, have crude intergrations
What percent of the population over 65 is effected by Alzheimer’ Disease?
11%
What are the meninges and spaces in the brain from exterior to interior?
Perisosteal layer of Dura Mater Meningeal layer of Dura mater Subdural space Arachnoid Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) Pia mater
What is the function of the sub-thalamus?
It help control body movement in conjunction with other art of the brain
What kind of molecules can pass the blood brain barrier without a transport mechanism?
small lipid soluble molecules like alcohol
What are the primary parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
What causes hemorrhagic stroke?
Aneurysm
What is an association area?
Memory and interpretation of stimulus (motor or sensory)
What are disorders involving dopamine and what are the dopamine levels associated with them.
Low Dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease. High dopamine is associated with Schizophrenia.
What kind of brain wave activity is present when you are awake and alert?
Beta wave activity
What is the primary product of the pineal gland and when is produced?
Melatonin. It is produced in darkness and remotes sleepiness
What is the role of the choroid plexus and ependymal cells in the production of CSF?
Plasma like fluid is secreted by the choroid plexus and then modified by the ependymal cells to be CSF. It also circulated by the cilia of the ependymal cells
Describe the appearance and location of the Substantial Nigra. Describe its function.
It is near he ventral side of the midbrain. It is dark because it contains melanin. Produces dopamine.
What is Menigitis? How is diagnosed? What are commons symptoms
Inflammation of meninges ( usually arachnoid or pia mater. Diagnose by examining CSF. Symptoms: flu like, stick neck, headache
What is the function of the trochlear nerve? What number is it? What are symptoms of damage?
It it cranial nerve 4. It Controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Can be diagnosed when at rest eyes cross, cause double vision and point up a little.
Describe the Pneumotaxic Area of the pons
Involves increase and depth of breathing
What is the crossing over of tracts in the medulla called?
Decussation
What is the age by which most major brain growth occurs?
By age two. Growth in Neurons, dendrites
What percent of handidness is associated with expected lateralization?
91%
Describe brain waves of stage 4 sleep
Delta waves - very high amplitude and very low frequency (down to 4 hz a minute)
What are Projection fibers ?
Tracts going into and out of the brain to the spinal cord.
What part of the lymbic system undergoes mitosis?
Hippocampus
What is the relationship between stage 4 sleep and REM throughout the night
Much more stage 4 time in the early part of the night less REM and then switches as the nigh goes on
What is Anomic aphasia?
Not being able to recognize words. Damage to auditory integrations area or common integration area
What is the function of Cranial nerve 0?
Pheromones
What is an example or a circumventricular organ?
Hypothalamus receptors that monster blood contents such as pH or oxygen levels
Where does the CSF re-enters in the circulatory system?
The Arachnoid villi
What is proper name for a stroke
Cerebrovasluar Accident
What part of the brain keeps tract of the spacial aspect of memory?
Hippocampus
What are symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attack
only last for 5-10 minutes and has no permanent damage
What are the two parts of the Reticular formation of the midbrain
The reticular activating system
and the motor arm
What is fluent aphasia and what is it’s cause?
fluent speech that makes no sense caused by damage to Wernike’s area?
What is Prospopagnosia?
Specialized agnosia where a person can’t recognize faces
what kinds of stroke is helped by tissue plasmogen activator (t-PA)?
ischemic stroke
What is a brain contusion?
Bruising of the brain blood in the CSF that causes a build up of pressure
What is the function of the middle cerebellar peduncle?
Sensory information from cerebral cortex and basal nuclei into the cerebellum
What role do astrocytes play in the blood brain barrier
They attached to the basement me bran of the epithelial cell of the capillaries
How does the hypothalamus control homeostasis?
Controls endocrine system and autonomic nervous system
What is the function of the Corresponding area to Wernike’s area?
Picks up tonality of speech
What is contained in the Cerebral peduncle of the midbrain
Tracts running between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
Where can viruses like HIV and syphilis get through the blood brain barrier?
through receptors in the circumventricular organs in the 3rd and 4th ventricle?
Where is your Primary somato-sensory cortex? What does it do?
Postcentral gyrus. Maps all sensations from skin (thermoreceptors, chemo receptors etc)
What are problems that can be caused by issues with the intrinsic eye muscles from damage to the oculomotor nerve?
It ca be difficult to change focus from problems changing the shape of the lens, or have a dilate pupil from problems with pupil constriction
Describe stage 3 sleep and the associated brain waves?
Moderate sleep, BP and body temp drops, last about 20 minutes, dreams steam occur in real time. Brain waves Theta waves are significantly higher in amplitude and lower frequency.
What is the function of the superior cerebellar peduncle?
Motor From cerebellum to cerebral cortex
Which extrinsic eye muscles are controlled by the oculomotor nerve and what are signs of damage.
Interior oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus. Problems moving eye in certain directions and drooping eyelid.
What kind of brain wave activity is present when your eyes are closed but are still aware and mostly awake
Alpha wave
What are some major functions of the medula oblongata?
-maintaining blood supply throughout the body. Maintaining basic breathing functions, other basic life support like gagging, sneezing vomiting.
What are the two parts of the Reticular formation of the midbrain. Where is it found.
The reticular activating system
and the motor arm. It is near the dorsal side lateral just ventral of the tectum
What is an ischemic stroke
throw a blood blood or plaques
What is inability to comprehend words called?
Aphasia
Where is your Primary motor cortex? What does it do?
Precentral gyrus. Maps your motor information.
What does the Indirect motor pathway?
Overcomes the inhibition of the upper motto neurons
What is a primary function of the Pons.
Primarily composed of tracts, and pathways in and out of cerebellum. Involved in respiration, (pontine respiratory group).
What are properties of CSF that distinguish it from plasma?
Higher concentrations of Sodium, lower of potassium. Proteins that help with buoyancy.
What does Brocha’s area do?
Is involved in the muscle movement for speech, but can also aid in comprehension through using the speech muscles.
What is the only nerve that ties directly into the limbic system?
The olfactory nerve.
What gene is strongly associated with Alzheimer’s disease?
APO4. 1 copy on set around 60. 2 copies around 40.
What is Basal Nuclei what are it functions?
It is a system of nuclei that are involved in coordinate and smooth and motor movement and my play a role in choosing an action.
Describe the Apneustic Area of the pons
help with slow deep respiration during sleep, or potentially deep meditation.
What is the relationship between REM and memory
short term memory is converted to long term during REM
What is the function of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Sensory information from the spinal cord into cerebellum, brings in all proprioceptor information from joints and muscles..
What is the functions of the reticular activating system (ascending reticular formation or RAS) in the reticular formation of the midbrain
Important for laying down memory during sleep. Alerts cortex to unusual stimuli during sleep to awaken.
only area of brain that Sends signals to all areas of the brain. Hallucinigens act on the RAS.
What is the function of the Occipital lobe?
Vision
Describe stage 2 sleep and the associated brain waves?
Light sleep, can be awaked by out of pale noises, will have dream fragments where time passes the same as regular time. Brain waves start to gain amplitude and be a lower frequency.
What and where are the angular gyrus?
It is next to Wernike’s area. it is involved in translating language and text comprehension into speech
What is the “rational” center and “self center” of the brains
Pre-frontal cortex
What is the result of lesions to Broca’s area?
Non fluent aphasia, which can reduce vocabulary or make it difficult to form words
What separate the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes?
the Lateral Sulcus
In what kind of sleep is oxygen and glucose used at the highest level than even while awake?
in REM
What percent of oxygen does you brain use?
20%
What molecule bind to the RAS throughout the day and promotes sleepiness
Adenosine
What is the relationship between the lambic system and the basal nuclei?
They share many of the same parts, and as such the motor functions, especially habits can impacts emotions and vice versa.
What is the function of the motor arm, (descending reticular formation) of the reticular formation?
It helps you eyes muscles smoothly move to tract objects. It is also involved in suppressing acute pain by inhibiting 2nd order neuron of somatosensory pathway.
What prevents the arachnoid villi from being a weak spot in the blood brain barrier?
Positive press in the brain that always pushes the CSF out.
Describe stage 4
Physical restive.
What neurotransmitter can help boost memory?
Norepinephrine
What 2 types of cells are in the neocortex and what structural types of cells are they?
Stellate cells that are anaxonic and pyramidal cells the are multipolar
Short term memory
things learned during dat before sleep
What are three main types of white matter in the brain?
Association fibers, Commissural Fibers, and Projection Fibers
What are the parts of corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain and what is their function? What angle can they be seen from?
Superior colliculi: muscle reflexes to visual stimula
Inferior colliculi: Control muscle reflexes to sound
Can be seen from the dorsal side be pulling up cerebellum
