general questions II Flashcards
what is the godl standard treatment for bipolar
lithium
what are the SE of lithium
tremors, diabetes insipidus, hypothyropidism, weight gain
what are some of the second line therapies for bipolar
valproic acid, fcarbamezapine and atypical antipsychotics.
what are some of the atypical psychotics
risperidone, clozapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone
what are the components of rhett syndrome
incontinence, screaming fits, loss of speech, sensory problems, breath holding, stereotypic movements, chorea, bruxism, and dystonia.
diabetic nephropathy characteristics
foamy urine, proteinuria, hypertension in the setting of diabetes.
what is foamy urine a sign of>?
proteinuria
what is the treatment for diabetic nephropathy
ACEi and glycemic control
is the normal albumin/creatinine ratio of urine
less than 30. greater than 30 indicates that there is microalbuminuria
what is a technetium 99m pertechnetate study
this is looking at the GI tract and if there is ectopic uptake it strongly suggests Meckel diverticulum.
what is meckel diverticulum
patentcy of the vitelline duct. rule of 2. these are usually incidental findings unless there is blood, which indicates a lower GI tract bleed. the bleeds are caused by ulcerations of the small bowel from acid being secreted by the ectopic gastric mucosa int he diverticulum.
what is the rule of 2s for meckels diverticulum
occurs in 2% of the population, 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecal valve, 2% of patients develop a complication over their life, male to female ratio is 2:1.
what metabolic disturbances will you find in bulimia nervosa
self-induced vomiting can result in hypokalemia, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis.
what are the signs of bulimia
eroded teeth, inflammation of the esophagus, russell sign (calluses on the knuckles).
if suspected hypothyroidism what is the best test for the blood
first TSH. then look to free T4.
Do not look at T3, this is more likely to be variable.
what is highly associated with myastenia gravis and what test do you need to secure after diagnosis with edrophonium challenge
CT of the chest dumbass. this is for thymoma
what is assocaited with medulloblastoma?
nevoid basal cell carcinoma is the most common one to consider but the others are turcot and ataxia-telangiectasia
what is the mainstay of treatment for bells palsy
since this is an idiopathic peripheral lesion of the facial nerve glucocorticoid treatment is first line therapy. many cases of bells palsy can be caused by lyme disease, but watch for prodfromal symtpoms. if there are none, then glucocorticoids
also watch out for herpes voster infections. they can cause bells palsy. usually the steroids are given in conjunction with antivirals.
what is a risk factor for bell’s palsy
diabetes
what are the features of elaphantitis
low-grade fever, excessive lymphadenitis, rural china and a mosquito bite
what is the causal agent for elphantitis
wuchereria bancrofti
what is medial tibial stress syndrome
shin splints
how to diagnose a tibial stress fracture
radiographs will only pick up on it 46% of the time. bone scan within 72 hours picks up the stress fracture 96% of the time.
what is syringomyelia
fluid pocket filled with CSF forms within the spinal cord (syrinx).