General Principles of Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

Activity of a drug in the body over time (branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body) study of the bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (how body effects drug)

Question 2

Absorption

Answer 2

Refers to the way a drug is absorbed from a pharmaceutical formula into the blood stream, moving from its “site of delivery into the bloodstream,”
journey of a drug travelling from the site administration to the site of action

Question 3

Distribution

Answer 3

Refers to the movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body (process of transferring a drug from the bloodstream to tissues)

Question 4

Metabolism

Answer 4

Is the chemical alteration of a drug by the body (breakdown of drug) break down and coverts medication into active chemical substance

Question 5

First-pass effect

Answer 5

Drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action

Question 6

Therapeutic index

Answer 6

Is a ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug causes a therapeutic effect to the amount that causes death (margin of safety that exist between the dose of a drug that produces a desired effect and the dose that produces an unwanted side effect)

Question 7

Half-life

Answer 7

the time it takes for the amount of a drugs active substance in the body to reduce by half

Question 8

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 8

The relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect (what the drug dose to the body) how the drug effects the body

Question 9

Agonist

Answer 9

A drug or substance that binds to a receptor inside a cell or on its surface and causes the same action as the substance that normally binds to the receptor

Question 10

Antagonist

Answer 10

A substance that stops the action or effect of another substance (acts against and blocks and action)

Question 11

Synergistic effect

Answer 11

Interaction of two or more drugs when their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each drug is given alone ​

Question 12

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 12

Testing that measures the amount of a certain medicine in the blood (measuring of drug levels in the blood at timed intervals to maintain relatively constant levels

Question 13

Adverse effects

Answer 13

Harmful or abnormal result

Question 14

Toxicity

Answer 14

How poisonous or harmful a substance can be (occurs when person accumulated too much of a drug in the bloodstream, leading to adverse effects on the body)

Question 15

Hepatotoxicity

Answer 15

The injury/ Liver damage caused by exposure to drugs

Question 16

Nephrotoxicity

Answer 16

Rapid deterioration in the kidney function due to toxic effects of medications and chemical

Question 17

Anaphylactic reaction

Answer 17

Severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction

Question 18

Extrapyramidal symptoms

Answer 18

Commonly referred to as drug induced movement disorders (group of symptoms including tremor, slurred speech, anxiety, distress, paranoia etc.)

Question 19

Immunosuppression

Answer 19

suppression of the body’s immune system and its ability to fight infections an other diseases

Question 20

What role does albumin play in medication distribution

Answer 20

Albumin possesses specific sites for acidic and basic drug binding

It is a natural transport protein w/ multiple ligand bind sites

Most abundant plasma protein in he body

Question 21

What role does glycoprotein play in medication distribution

Answer 21

“Multi drug transport protein”
Transports a wide variety of drugs OUT of cells
KIDNEY- pumps drugs into urine for excretion
INTESTINE- transports drugs into the intestinal lumen, reducing drug absorption into the blood
BRIAN- pumps drugs into the blood theory limiting drug access to the brain

Question 22

Types of drug interactions

Answer 22

1) drug-drug: interaction between row or more prescriptions
2) drug- nonprescription: drug w/ other over the counter, herbs or vitamins
3) drug-food: food/beverage alters drug effect
4) drug-alcohol:
5) drug-disease:
6) drug- laboratory: some drugs can interfere w/ test

Question 23

Excretion

Answer 23

Movement of drugs and their metabolites out of the body

Question 24

The rate of absorption determines

Answer 24

How soon effects will begin

Question 25

The amount of absorption help determine

Answer 25

How intense effects will be

Question 26

Absorption includes

Answer 26

Rate of dissolution: must first be dissolve before absorbed (rate of dissolution determine rate of absorption)

Surface area: larger surface area, equals faster absorption

Blood flow: absorbed most rapidly from sites where blood flow is high (greater concentration gradient, more rapidly absorption will be)

Lipid solubility: highly lipid soluble drugs are absorbed more rapidly than drugs who’s lipid solubility is low (bc lipid soluble drugs cross membranes and low lipid soluble can not)

Question 27

Selectivity

Answer 27

Ability to elicit only the response for which the drug is given

The more selective a drug is the fewer side effects it will produce

Selective drug action is possible because drugs act through specific receptors

Question 28

Affinity

Answer 28

Refers to the strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor

Question 29

Intrinsic activity

Answer 29

Ability of a drug the activate a receptor upon binding

Question 30

Consequences of drug-drug interactions

Answer 30

1) One drug may intensify the effect of the other
2) One drug may reduce the effect of the other
3) The combination may produce in the response not seen with either drug alone

Question 31

Drug-food interaction

Answer 31

Food decreases the rate of absorption and occasionally decreases the extent of exception

Question 32

Idiosyncratic effect

Answer 32

A uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

Question 33

Paradoxical effect

Answer 33

Opposite of the intended drug response

Question 34

Iatrogenic disease

Answer 34

Disease resulting from medical care or treatment

Question 35

Teratogenic effect

Answer 35

Drug induced birth defect