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Biology > General Past Paper Corrections > Flashcards

General Past Paper Corrections Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give one function of the small intestine.

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase to complete digestion

It also absorbs nutrients out of the alimentary canal and into the body

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2
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking food in mouth and swallowing

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3
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down into smaller pieces and molecules

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4
Q

What is absorption?

A

Taking small molecules from the gut into the blood

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5
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Molecules gained from food used to build new ones - cells and tissues

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6
Q

What is egestion?

A

Passing indigestion food through the anus

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7
Q

What is one function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes amylase

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8
Q

Give an example of diffusion in the lung of the mammal

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood

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9
Q

Give an example of osmosis in the kidney of a mammal

A

Glucose which moves from the nephron to the blood

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10
Q

Give an example of active transport in a flowering plant

A

Uptake of mineral salt which moves from the salt to the cytoplasm in a root hair cell

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11
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

To provide energy and store it, and insulate

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12
Q

What is the vitamin C deficiency problem?

A

Scurvy

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13
Q

What is vitamin D deficiency problem?

A

Rickets

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14
Q

What is the deficiency problem of calcium?

A

Rickets

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15
Q

What are the 2 products of lipid digestion?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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16
Q

What contains RNA strands?

A

Virus’s

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17
Q

What is the definition of nutrition?

A

Taking in food required to live

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18
Q

What is the definition of growth and development?

A

Making new cells

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19
Q

Where does peristalsis occur?

A

The whole alimentary canal

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20
Q

Name one carbohydrate found in plants that contains carbon

A

Starch

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21
Q

Why are nitrates needed to help plants grow?

A

To make amino acids and proteins

turns yellow if there’s not enough

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22
Q

Why are phosphates needed for plants?

A

To make DNA and cell membranes for respiration

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23
Q

Why is potassium needed in plants?

A

To help enzymes for respiration and photosynthesis

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24
Q

What are the effects of lack of phosphates in a plant?

A

Poor root growth and purple leaves

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25
Q

What are the effects of not enough potassium in a plant?

A

Poor flower and fruit growth

26
Q

Why is magnesium needed in a plant?

A

Only needed in small amounts to make chlorophyll

27
Q

How do mineral ions enter plants?

A

Through root hair cells by active transport, and transport through the xylem

28
Q

What are the effects of fertilisers washing into rivers? (7)

A

Leaching occurs due to nitrates spilling
Algal blooms
Light can’t get in to allow plants to photosynthesise
The plants die
Saphratrophic nutrition - bacteria feed on the dead
Increases BOD
Fish die

29
Q

What happens to the suns radiation when it enters the earth? (Greenhouse effect)

A

It is reflected off the earths surface, absorbed then re emitted

30
Q

What are greenhouse gases made up of?

A

Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane

31
Q

What are some possible consequences of increase in greenhouse gases? (5)

A 
Global warming- earth warms up 
Habitat change 
Desertification 
Species loss
More flooding
32
Q

What is nitrification?

A

When ammonia is converted to nitrates by nitrifying bacteria

33
Q

Why do farmers grow legume plants in their fields? (5)

A

Legumes contain nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules
Fix nitrogen gas into ammonia
Ploughing causes clover plants to decompose
Releasing ammonia
Increase yield
There are mineral ions and nutrients in the soil

34
Q

What is meant by the term double helix?

A

Two strands linked together

35
Q

Which hormone repairs uterus lining?

A

Oestrogen

36
Q

Which hormone maintains uterus lining?

A

Progesterone

37
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

Secretes progesterone so lining stays thick

Prevents embryo from aborting

38
Q

What is the role of the amnion sac?

A

Secretes amniotic fluid
Protects embryo against bumps and jolts
Encloses embryo

39
Q

Once the egg is released where does it go?

A

Travels down oviduct to the uterus

40
Q

What is the role of corpus luteum?

A

Produces progesterone

41
Q

How do hormones travel from the ovary to the uterus?

A

In the blood stream

42
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a body cell of the male fetus?

A

46

43
Q

What is the role of meiosis?

A

To produce gametes

44
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

In the ovaries and testes or ovary and anther of a plant

45
Q

How many chromosomes are produced in meiosis?

A

Half the number - haploid

46
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

For growth and repair damaged tissue

47
Q

How many chromosomes are produced in mitosis?

A

Diploid - 1 pair of each chromosome in the nucleus

48
Q

Does meiosis produce genetically identical gametes?

A

No

49
Q

Does mitosis produce genetically identical cells?

A

Yes

50
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human body?

A

46

51
Q

What are the advantages to a sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduce v. quickly with no partner needed

Numbers double each generation

52
Q

What are the disadvantages to asexual reproduction?

A

No variation

53
Q

What is selective breeding and what are 2 examples of its use? (5)

A 
Desirable characteristics 
Prevent breeding with other individuals 
Repeated for many generations 
Example- cattle for milk yield 
              - wheat for shortened stem length
54
Q

How can bacteria be genetically modified to produce human insulin? (5)

A 
Human insulin cut from human chromosomes 
Using restriction enzymes 
Plasmid cut open 
Making sticky ends 
Using some restriction enzymes
55
Q

What is the role of insulin in the body?

A

Tells liver to take in glucose and covert it to glycogen

Lowering blood glucose levels

56
Q

Describe the stages of cloning in mammals (6)

A

Egg/ovum removed
Nucleus removed
Nucleus taken from body cell and inserted into ovum
Encleated ovum fused with body cell using electricity
Cell divided by mitosis
Embryo implanted into uterus of surrogate mother

57
Q

What is a gene?

A

A code for a certain protein which controls processes in the body

58
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternative form of a gene

59
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Expressed when there’s a recessive allele present

Version of a gene

60
Q

Why is the number of people who have a rare condition low even though it’s a dominant condition? (3)

A

It’s very rare
Makes individuals less likely to reproduce
So becomes less common every generation

61
Q

What are 2 advantages to micropropagation?

A

Can produce large quantities

Could lose gene in sexual reproduction otherwise

Biology (14 decks)

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