General Organisation of the Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the neck?

A

Thyroid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

What groups can the facial muscles be described as?

A

Muscles of facial expression =

  • orbicularis oculi
  • orbicularia oris
  • buccinator
  • platysma
  • frontalis

Muscles of mastication =

  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
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3
Q

Outline the platysma muscles

A

Origin = pect major, deltoid

Insertion = muscles of the face

Action = depress corners of the mouth, assist in depression of the jaw (test = tighten jaw)

Innervation = facial N (cranial nerve)

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4
Q

Discuss the sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin = sternum, clavicle

Inserts = mastoid process

Action = lateral neck flexion, tilting chin to contralateral side. Both contraction = movement at the atlanto-occipital joint, and flexion for the neck (test = hand on pt neck and turn to look over shoulder)

Innervation = accessory N

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5
Q

Discuss the trapezius

A

Origin = superior nuceal line, external occipital protrubance, spinal process T spine

Insertion = spine of scapular, lateral 3rd of clavicle, acromion

Action = elevation of shoulders (test = shrug against resistance)

Innervation = accessory N

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6
Q

What is torticollis?

A

Distonic condition defined by asymmetrical head position

Distonic = abnormally contracting of its own accord

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7
Q

What are the triangles of the neck?

A

Anterior triangle

posterior triangle

carotid

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8
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

A

Anterior margin of SCM

Inferior margin of mandible

Midline of neck

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9
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle?

A

Anterior margin of trapezius

Clavicle

Posterior margin of SCM

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10
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

U shaped bone of the anterior neck

Base of the mandible (C3)

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11
Q

Discuss the omohyoid

A

Infra-hyoid

Runs behind SCM

Runs through posterior triangle

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12
Q

Discuss the digastric

A

Supra-hyoid

2 muscular bellies

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13
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Lat = Medial border of SCM

Inf = Superior belly of Omohyoid

Sup = Posterior belly of the Digastric

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14
Q

What is the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Common carotid artery which within bifurcates to external and internal carotid arteries

Internal jugular vein

Hypoglossal N, Vagus N

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15
Q

What tissue type of the superficial cervical fascia?

A

Loose CT

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16
Q

What tissue type of the deep cervical facia?

17
Q

What is the contents of the superficial cervical fascia?

A

Includes fat, platysma, cutaneous nerves, lymph nodes and superficial blood vessels

18
Q

What are the layers of the deep cervical fascia?

A

Investing layer

Carotid sheath

Pre tracheal fascia

Pre vertebral fascia

19
Q

Label this cross section of the neck

20
Q

What is the retropharyngeal space?

A

A space between the pretrachel and prevertebral fascial layers

21
Q

What is mediastinitus?

A

Inflam of tissues in the mediastinum

Can be caused by infections in the retropharyngeal and pre tracheal space extending inferiorly

22
Q

What is the nerve of facial expression?

A

Facial N (VII CN)

23
Q

What is the nerve of mastication?

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

24
Q

What is the main sensory N of the face?

A

Trigeminal N (V CN)

25
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal N?
Va – ophthalmic division Vb – maxillary division Vc – mandibular division
26
What are the 5 key extra-cranial branches of the facial N?
To Zanzibar By Motor Car Temporal Zygomatic Buckle Mandibular Cervical
27
Outline the major arteries and veins of the head and neck
Common carotid artery = internal and external carotid artery Internal jugular vein (IJV) – receives drainage from the facial vein External jugular vein – receives drainage from the scalp and face
28
Describe the layers of the scalp
SCALP Skin = hair follicles and sebaceous glands Dense connective tissue = richly vascularised Epicranial aponeurosis = connects occipitalis and frontalis muscle Loose areolar connective tissue = thin Periosteum = outer layer of skull bones
29
What is the danger area of the scalp and why?
Loose connective tissue Pus and blood can spread easily within it = pass to cranial cavity via emissary veins = spread from scalp to meninges = meningitis
30
Outline the blood supply of the scalp
Via the external carotid artery and ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid) Superficial temporal = supplies the frontal and temporal regions Posterior auricular = supplies area superiorly and posteriorly to the auricle Occipital = supplies back of scalp
31
What is the nervous innervation of the scalp
Trigeminal N Cervical Ns
32
The investing layer of deep cervical fascia splits to enclose which structures?
Sternocleidomastoid Submandibular gland Trapezius Parotid gland
33
A retropharyngeal abscess is suspected. What complications could occur due to extension of the infection from this deep neck space?
Difficulty breathing due to tracheal compression Extension of infection into the mediastinum Painful or difficulty swallowing due to oesphageal compression
34
Where does caratid shealth connect to?
inferiorly fuses with the pericardial sac superiorly attaches to the base of the skull