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2.3.1. Head, Neck & Neuroanatomy > Anatomy and Disorders of the Larynx > Flashcards

Anatomy and Disorders of the Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Between the hyoid bone above and the trachea below

C4-C6

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2
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Ventilation

Airway protection = prevents aspiration

Allows us to cough

Sound prod = phonation

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3
Q

Name the 3 zones of the larynx

A

Supraglottis= from epiglottis to false vocal cords

Glottis = between false and true vocal cords

Infraglottis = between the true vocal cords and first tracheal ring

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4
Q

What makes up the structural framework of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage

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5
Q

How is the thyroid cartilage attached to the hyoid bone?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

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6
Q

How is the thyroid cartilage attached to the cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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7
Q

What connects the cricoid cartilage to the first ring?

A

Cricotracheal membrane

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8
Q

Why is the cricoid cartilage special?

A

Only complete cartilage ring in the resp tract

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9
Q

How is the epiglottis attached to the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Ligaments

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10
Q

Describe the arytenoid cartilages

A

Paired

Sit atop the cricoid cartilage

Determine the position of the true vocal cords

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11
Q

How does the thyroid cartilage articulate with the cricoid cartilage?

A

Synovial joint = movement

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12
Q

Trough what membrane is the airway accessed during emergency?

A

Cricothyroid mem

Between the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

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13
Q

Describe the location of the quadrangular mem and what it forms

A

Connects epiglottis to arytenoid cartilage and inner surface of the thyroid cartilage

Superior border forms = aryepiglottic folds = margins of oval inlet of larynx

Inferior border forms = vestibular ligament = false vocal cords

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14
Q

What does the larynx lie anterior to?

A

Laryngopharynx

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15
Q

What does the aryepiglottis fold form?

A

Margins of oval inlet of the larynx

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16
Q

What name is given to the entrance of the larynx?

A

Aditus

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17
Q

What forms the vocal ligament (true vocal cord)?

A

Thickening of the upper edge of the cricothyroid membrane

18
Q

What forms the false vocal ligament?

A

Vestibular ligament

19
Q

What forms the true vocal ligament?

A

Vocal ligament

20
Q

Name the space between the true vocal cords

A

Rima glottidis

21
Q

Outline the functions of the muscles of the larynx

A

Inspiration = open glottis

Swallowing = close vestibule and vocal cords

Phonation = alter tone of true vocal cords

22
Q

Where is the cricothyroid muscle located?

A

Only intrinsic muscle of the larynx found outside of the larynx

23
Q

Outline the nervous supply of the cricothyroid muscle

A

External laryngeal nerve = branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X).

24
Q

Which nerve innervates the laryngeal mucosa?

A

Internal laryngeal N = mucosa above the vocal cords

Recurrent laryngeal N = mucosa below the vocal cords

25
Q

Having a horse voice is a cardinal sign of what?

A

Laryngeal disease

26
Q

Why does damage of the laryngeal nerve cause a horse voice?

A

Unilateral complete injury = affected side takes up neutral position (paramedian), unaffected partially compensates, resulting in some horseness

Both sides completely damaged = both vocal cords assume paramedian position = rima glottidis extremely narrow, resulting in diff breathing, speaking, coughing

27
Q

What type of ep lines the larynx?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ep

28
Q

What type of ep lines the true vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous ep

29
Q

In what direction does the rima glottidis point?

A

Anterior

30
Q

When do the vocal cords ABduct?

A

Inspiration/expiration

31
Q

When do the vocal cords ADduct?

A

Phonation

32
Q

What structure determines the position of the true vocal cords?

A

Position of the arytenoids

33
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Bilateral contraction increases length and tension in vocal cords = important in high pitch noise

Tilts thyroid cartilage forward on cricoid = increasing tension in vocal cords = ADducting the vocal cords

34
Q

Why does damage to the external laryngeal nerve cause a horse voice?

A

No nervous supply to the cricothyroid = no contraction of the vocal cords = especially hard to make high-pitched sounds

35
Q

Outline the nerve supply to the larynx

A

Superior laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)

1) Internal branch = sensory to supraglottic
2) External branch = motor to cricothyroid

Recurrent laryngeal N (branch of vagus) = all intrinsic muscles of larynx + sensory to infraglottic

36
Q

What muscle contracts during swallowing and what does this result in?

A

Contraction of aryepiglottic muscles = narrow laryngeal inlet + pulls down epiglottis

37
Q

What can cause vocal cord palsies?

A

Aortic arch aneurysm = L RLN

Cancer involving the apex of the lung (pancoast tumour) = R RLN

Disease/surgery involving larynx, oesophagus, thyroid

38
Q

What nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

One exception = cricothyroid muscle (external laryngeal N)

39
Q

Describe croup

A

Parainfluenza = 80% of cases

Viral upper resp tract infection = nasopharynx inflam

Inflam may spread to the larynx and trachea = subglottal inflam

Harsh barking cough

40
Q

What is epiglottitis

A

Inflam of the epiglottis

Life-threatening if complete obstruction of the airway occurs

Streptococcus

Present = sore throat, pain/diff swallowing, fever, tachycardia

41
Q

Outline the location of the cervical plexus

A

posterior triangle of the neck, halfway up the SCM, and within the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia

anterior rami (divisions) of cervical spinal nerves C1-C4

42
Q

Outline the relationship between the blood supply of the thyroid gland and the nerves supplying the larynx

A

Superior thyroid A runs next to the external branch of the superior laryngeal N

recurrent laryngeal runs behind the thyroid gland

both can be damaged due to surgery of the thyroid

2.3.1. Head, Neck & Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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