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2.3.1. Head, Neck & Neuroanatomy > Basic Anatomy of the CNS > Flashcards

Basic Anatomy of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a dysfunctional cerebellum?

A

Tremor

Dyssynergia = disturbance of muscular coordination
Dysdiadochokinesia = impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements

Tests =
Finger to nose
Examine gate
rapid alternating hand movements

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2
Q

How do the ventricles appear on CT and why?

A

dark = filled with CSF

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3
Q

How do the sulcus appear on CT and why?

A

dark = contain CSF

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4
Q

Define ectoderm

A

Outermost layer of the 3 primary germ layers

Skin, CNS

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5
Q

Define mesoderm

A

Middle layer of the 3 primary germ layers

Muscle, CVS, kidneys, cartilage, bone

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6
Q

Define endoderm

A

Innermost layer of the 3 primary germ layers

Gut

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7
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Induces changes in overlying ectoderm = growth factors

= ectoderm starts to bend down, forms neural tube which breaks off

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8
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

Created from the notochord

Goes onto create your brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Outline the structures that make up the brainstem

A

Medulla (bottom) = CNS/resp centres, major motor pathway, medullary pyramids

Pons (middle) = feeding, sleep

Midbrain (top) = eye movement, reflex to sound/vision

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10
Q

What are the medullary pyramids?

A

Major motor pathway

Carrying motor fibres down to the spinal cord

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11
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain

A

Hollow spaces filled with CSF

Contain a network of ependymal cells involved in the prod of CSF

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12
Q

What structures make up the CNS?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Brainstem and cerebellum

Spinal cord

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

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13
Q

What structures makes up the PNS?

A

Dorsal and ventral roots

Spinal nerves

Peripheral nerves

Schwann cells

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14
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Nerves that arise in pairs from the lower surface of the brain one on each side

Specialised spinal nerves

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15
Q

Where is the ventral surface of the brain?

A

inferior surface

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16
Q

Where is the dorsal surface of the brain?

A

Superior surface

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17
Q

Outline decussation

A

Fibres cross from one hemisphere to the other side

= one side of the brain control the other side of the body

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18
Q

Define sulcus

A

Groove separating adjacent gyri

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19
Q

Define gyrus

A

Fold in the brain

Maximises volume of the brain

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20
Q

Define fissure

A

Large split between adjacent large areas of the brain

E.g. Giant sulcus

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21
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Important landmark = where the primary motor and sensory cortex reside

Marks the boundary between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Runs uninterrupted from the midline to the temporal lobe

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22
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A

In the post-central gyrus

Found posterior to the central sulcus

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23
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex found?

A

In the pre-central gyrus

Anterior to the central sulcus

24
Q

Discuss the frontal lobe

A

Motor cortex

Higher cognition, motor function, speech

Anterior

25
Q

Discuss the parietal lobe

A

Sensory cortex

Spacial awareness

Posterior

26
Q

Discuss the temporal lobe

A

Memory, smell, hearing

27
Q

Discuss the cerebellum

A

Co-ordination and motor learning

Effects ipsilateral side of the body

28
Q

What is the lateral sulcus

A

Also called = sylvian sulcus

Separates temporal lobe from the frontal/parietal lobes

29
Q

Discuss the occipital lobe

A

Most posterior

Over the cerebellum

Vision

30
Q

Discuss the longitudinal fissure

A

Separates both hemispheres

31
Q

What joins both hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

32
Q

The anterior cranial fossa contains what?

A

Frontal lobe

33
Q

The middle cranial fossa contains what?

A

Temporal lobe

34
Q

The posterior cranial fossa contains what?

A

Cerebellum and brainstem

35
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Site where fibres in the visual system cross over

Site of decussation

36
Q

Discuss the pituitary stalk

A

Connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

Sits close to optic chiasm

37
Q

What is the mimmillary body?

A

Part of the limbic system and hypothalamus

Small round bodies on undersurface of brain

Part of diencephalon

Important in recollective memory

38
Q

What is the uncus of the temporal lobe?

A

Medial most part of temporal lobe

Sits next to the midbrain

If intra cranial pressure increases uncus can compress midbrain and cause third nerve palsy

39
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus + hypothalamus

40
Q

What is the parahippocample gyrus?

A

Surrounds the hippocampus

Memory encoding

41
Q

Outline the role of the corpus calosum

A

Fibres connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

42
Q

Discuss the cingulate gyrus

A

Sitting above corpus calosum

Space occupying lesions in one hemisphere can push the singulate girus across into the other, underneath the falx cerebri = damage to singulate girus

Compression of anterior cerbri A

43
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus?

A

Primary visually cortex sit around this sulcus

44
Q

What is the function of the septum pellucidum?

A

Separates the 2 lateral ventricles

45
Q

What are the lateral ventricles?

A

2 largest cavities

Come together by the interventricular foramina

46
Q

Outline the role of the cerebral aquaduct

A

Passage to the 4th ventricle under the cerebellum

47
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station projecting to sensory cortex

48
Q

What is the function of the hypothalmus?

A

Essential centre for homeostasis

49
Q

Name an important artery to the pons

A

Basilar A

50
Q

What gland regulates sleep/wake?

A

Pineal gland

51
Q

Which venous sinuses are found in the middle cranial fossa?

A

cavernous sinus

52
Q

Which structures make up the hindbrain?

A

medulla
pons
cerebellum

53
Q

What structures make up the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

54
Q

outline the order venous blood drains from the cerebral veins to the venous structures in the neck

A

superior sagittal sinus

confluence of sinuses

transverse sinus

sigmoid sinus

IJV

55
Q

what is the diencephalon made up of?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

56
Q

what structures make up the forebrain

A

diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus

cerebrum

2.3.1. Head, Neck & Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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