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2.3.1. Head, Neck & Neuroanatomy > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Name the cranial nerves

A 
1 = olfactory 
2 = optic
3 = oculomotor
4 = trochlear
5 = trigeminal
6 = abducens
7 = facial 
8 = vestibulocochlear
9 = glossopharyngeal 
10 = vagus
11 = accessory nerve
12 = hypoglossal
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2
Q

What part of the nervous system are cranial nerves part of?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem vs the brain?

A

Brain = optic, olfactory

Brainstem = 3-12

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4
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies structures other than the head and neck?

A

Vagus nerve = also supplies structures in the thorax and abdo

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5
Q

Cranial nerves can be carrying what types of axons?

A

General sensory (GS)

Special sensory (SS)

Motor (M)

Autonomic (A)

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6
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

Part of the brain composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum

Location of majority of CN nuclei

Ascending sensory and descending motor fibres run through the brainstem

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7
Q

Acoustic neuromas have the ability to compress which cranial nerves?

A

Vestibulocochlear = hearing diff

Facial = loss of facial expression

Trigeminal = loss of sensation in the face

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8
Q

Which 3 cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory

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9
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus?

A

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Abducens

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10
Q

What branches from the maxillary nerve (trigeminal nerve)?

A

Infraorbital nerve

Journey = Runs floor of the orbit, through the infraorbital foramen to supply sensation to the cheek/lower eyelid

Clinical points = Blow out fracture forcing orbital contents back = increase pressure in orbital cavity = orbital floor gives way and cracks = infraorbital nerve at risk of damage = reduced sensation of skin below eye

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11
Q

What branches from the mandibular nerve (trigeminal nerve)?

A

Inferior alveolar N that branches to form the mental N

Lingual N

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12
Q

Discuss the inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve (trigeminal nerve)

A

Journey = mandibular foramen –> through bone of the mandible –> Mental foramen –> emerges as mental nerve (sensation to lip/chin)

Clinical points = Mandibular fracture: test sensation to lip/chin/gums

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13
Q

How many cranial nerves come from each region of the brain?

A

Forebrain = 2

Midbrain = 2

Pons = 4

Medulla = 4

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14
Q

Outline the Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

A

Function = olfaction (SS)

Journey = olfactory N –> cribiform foramine –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory tract –> forebrain

Test = smelling salts

Clinical points = anosmia by common cold, head injury

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15
Q

Outline the Optic Nerve (CN II)

A

Function = vision (SS)

Journey = retina –> optic N –> optic canal –> optic chiasm –> optic tracts –> visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Test = one eye at a time, visual tests, testing pupils

Clinical points = raised ICP seen as papillodema (swollen optic disks), pituitary tumours

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16
Q

Outline the Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

A

Function = most extra-ocular muscles, levator palpebrae superioris (M), sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle (A)

Journey = midbrain –> oculomotor N –> Cavernous sinus –> superior orbital fissure –> Muscles surrounding the eye

Test = inspection of eyelid and pupils

Clinical points = when there is raised ICP the uncus can push over the edge of tentorium cerebelli and squash the oculomotor N.

External compression sees parasympathetic autonomic function lost first as they are on the outside

17
Q

Outline the Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

A

Function = superior oblique muscle of the eye (M)

Journey = dorsal aspect of midbrain –> cavernous sinus –> Superior orbital fissure –> superior oblique

Test = eye movements

Clinical points = diplopia (double vision), raised ICP causes compression

18
Q

Outline the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

A

Branches = ophthalmic (Va), maxillary (Vb), mandibular (Vc)

Function = main sensory nerve of the face (GS), nerve of mastication (M)

Journey = pons –> Trigeminal ganglion 1) Ophthalmic (S): superior orbital fissure –> Sensation to cornea/conjunctiva, 2) Maxillary (S): foramen rotundum –> cheek, 3) Mandibular: foramen ovale –> mandible

Test = sensation to face, muscles of mastication, corneal reflex

Clinical points = trigeminal neuralgia (sudden severe facial pain), ophthalmic shingles, corneal ulcer

19
Q

Outline the Abducens Nerve (CN VI)

A

Function = lateral rectus (M)

Journey = lower pons –> cavernous sinus –> superior orbital fissure –> Lateral rectus

Test = eye movements

Clinical points = diplopia (double vision), raised ICP causes injury via compression

20
Q

Outline the Facial Nerve (CN VII)

A

Branches = temporal, zygomatic, buckle, mandibular, cervical

Function = muscles of facial expression (M), taste ant 2/3 tongue (SS), parasympathetic lacrimal/salivary glands (A)

Journey = bottom of pons –> internal auditory meatus –> petrous part of temporal bone –> few branches inside skull (SS) (A) –> exits skull –> 5 terminal branches (M)

Test = facial expression, corneal reflex

Clinical points = close relation ship to middle ear, parotid gland

21
Q

Outline the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

A

Function = hearing (SS)

Journey = pons –> internal auditory meatus –> Cochlear

Test = hearing, enquire about balance

Clinical points = hearing loss, presbyacusis (old-age related hearing loss), pathology involving semilunar canals can cause vertigo, unilateral acoustic neuromas (benign tumour of schwann cells compressing nerve)

22
Q

Outline the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

A

Function = sensation of soft palate, tonsils, pharynx, middle ear (GS), posterior 1/3 tongue taste and general sensation (GS/SS), parotid gland (A)

Journey = medulla –> jugular foramen –> down the neck –> tongue, pharynx, carotid sinus, parotid gland

Test = gag reflex, testing in conjunction with vagus nerve

Clinical points = isolated lesions of glossopharyngeal are rare

23
Q

Outline the Vagus Nerve (CN X)

A

Function = sensation to lower pharynx, larynx (GS), muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx (M), parasympathetic to thoracic, abdo viscera (A)

Journey = medulla –> jugular foramen –> down the neck via carotid sheath –> Branches in the neck –> branches in the thorax

Test = noting speech, swallow, cough, say ‘ahhh’ observing uvula

Clinical points = dysphagia, left recurrent laryngeal (vagus branch) loops under the aortic arch impingement causes horse voice

24
Q

Outline the (spinal) Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

A

Function = trapezius, SCM (M)

Journey = spinal roots from medulla -> enters foramen magnum –> exits jugular foramen –> down IJV –> SCM –> trapezius

Test = shrug shoulders against resistance, turn head against resistance

Clinical points = spinal accessory runs though posterior triangle, susceptible to damage in the region

25
Q

Outline the Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

A

Function = movement of the tongue (M)

Journey = medulla –> hypoglossal canal –> Runs down neck –> floor of the tongue

Test = move the tongue

Clinical points = damage causes weakness and atrophy of the tongue muscles on ipsilateral side

26
Q

Which branches of the facial nerve arise within the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

Chorda tympani branch

Nerve to stapedius

Greater petrosal nerve

27
Q

What are the parasympathetic functions associated with the oculomotor nerve?

A

Innervation of the sphincter pupillae

Innervation of the ciliary body

28
Q

What are the parasympathetic functions associated with the vagus nerve?

A

Innervation of mucosal glands in the pharynx

Innervation of the cardiac conducting system

Innervation of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract

Innervation of smooth muscle in the respiratory tract

29
Q

A patient presents with a left facial droop, which the GP suspects is secondary to a facial nerve lesion. What
other problems might the patient complain of/ should the GP look for?

A

Altered taste

Difficulty closing the eye

30
Q

Which CN carry SPECIAL sensory nerves?

A

Olfactory

Optic

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

Glossopharyngeal

31
Q

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic autonomic fibres from the brainstem to structures of the head and
neck?

A

Oculomotor

Facial

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

32
Q

Which of the cranial nerves carry the afferent

(sensory) signals from baroreceptors within the carotid sinus to the brainstem?

A

Glossopharyngeal

33
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the movement of the eyeball?

A

Trochlear

Abducens

Oculomotor

34
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely motor nerves?

A

Trochlear

Abducens

Hypoglossal

Oculomotor

Accessory

35
Q

Which is the only cranial nerve to originate from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem?

A

Trochlear

2.3.1. Head, Neck & Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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