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GK > General Operations Knowledge > Flashcards

General Operations Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What does regulation mean?

A

promulgation, monitoring and enforcement of rules

regulatory agencies: public authority or government agency exercising autonomous authority in regulatory or supervisory capacity

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2
Q

what is accreditation?

A

voluntary process

non-governmental agency grants recognition to organization that has achieved a set of predetermined standards

Ex: CAP and Joint Commission

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3
Q

What is licensure?

A

mandatory process by which some states grant permission to an INDIVIDUAL or ORGANIZATION to engage in given occupation

most states do NOT have licensure requirements for clinical labs

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4
Q

What is certification?

A

voluntary process by which non-governmental agency grants recognition to an INDIVIDUAL who has met certain education requirements and demonstrated entry-level competency by examination

ABB and ABOR examples

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5
Q

How are contact hours and continuing education units (CEUs) defined?

A

One contact hour = 60 minutes

One contact hour of CE = 0.1 CEU

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6
Q

How many hours of CE are required by ABB every 2 year period to maintain certification?

A

24 hours of CE each 2 year recording period

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7
Q

how are CME different from CE?

A

Continuing medical education consists of educational activities that increase knowledge, skills and professional performance and relationships that a physician uses to provide services for patients, the public or the profession

courses may not be acceptable for both CE and CME

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8
Q

How do you calculate relative centrifugal force (RCF)?

A

RCF = 1.118 X 10 e-5 X r X rpm^2

1.118 x 10e-5 = constant determined from angular velocity

r= radius in cm (distance from center of the rotor to the bottom of the tube)

rpm = revolutions per minute (speed)

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9
Q

Per CLSI guidelines what is the RCF for blood samples?

A

`10-15 minutes at 1000-1200g

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10
Q

what is a tachometer used for?

A

check speed of centrifuge

measures revolutions per minute to ensure proper speed and accuracy of centrifuge

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11
Q

What are the two methods of pipet calibration?

A

Gravimetric and volumetric

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12
Q

What is the difference between gravimetric and volumetric calibration?

A

Gravimetric verifies accuracy of the amount of water dispensed

weight of water is proportional to the volume dispensed

Adjustments are made based on measured weight

volumetric calibration verifies the accuracy of amount of dye pipetted into a specific volume of water which is read spectrophotometrically

adjustments made based on difference in absorbance readings

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13
Q

What are the names of different types of pipettes used in the laboratory?

A

Automated- electronic, used to prepare multiple samples for analysis

semi-automated - handheld, use disposable tips, use air displacement or positive displacement

manual - handheld glass pipets that require bulbs to apply suction

transfer or volumetric - glass pipet that has bulb in the middle with tapered deliver tip; accuracy = 1:1,000

measuring or graduated - glass pipet uniform in diameter with tapered delivery tip

to contain (TC) or rinse-out - must be rinsed with appropriate solvent after initial liquid has been drained

to deliver (TD) - filled and allowed to drain by gravity, must be held vertically and tip placed against the side of receiving vessel

blow-out pipets- filled and allowed to drain, after which remaining fluid in the tip is blown out. two frosted bands near top

self-draining - held in vertical position with tip against receiving vessel, allowed to drain by gravity

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14
Q

Which organization maintains national standards for temperature?

A

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

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15
Q

What is traceability?

A

once a thermometer is calibrated to known standard, it can serve as a standard at a lower level of accuracy to calibrate another one

process can be continued, providing unbroken chain of measurements from final thermometer back to NIST standards

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16
Q

What are the three types of thermometers?

A

mercury-in-glass, replaced by liquid-in-glass

digital thermometers

electronic thermometers (AKA thermistor probes)

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17
Q

What is NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM)?

A

specially constructed gold versus platinum (Au/Pt) thermocouple thermometer

calibrated on the international Temperature Scale

supplied with integral lead wires and protective sheath

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18
Q

What is a NIST certificate of calibration?

A

NIST-certiifed thermometers come with it

report from NIST with all certified temperature corrections calibrated against NIST SRM to the nearest tenth of a scale division

include NIST test number

and records for all set conditions under which they were tested

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19
Q

what is a NIST certificate of traceability?

A

NIST-traceable thermometers come with this certificate

certified against standards outlined by NIST

come with certificate issued by manufacturer with calibration points calculated to nearest 10th of scale division

test and ID numbers of a NIST standard are also provided

20
Q

What are 4 types of centrifuges and the differences between them?

A

Horizontal-head or swinging buckets - tubes are in horizontal position when spinning and vertical when stopped

Fixed-angle or angle-head : tubes are at an angle in the sample bucket, allows small particles to sediment faster

microcentrifuge- small centrifuges used to centrifuge small plastic, conical shaped containers with snap cap

ultracentrifuge - high speed (Up to 150,000 RPM) small air-driven ultracentrifuge has been used to separate chylomicrons from serum

21
Q

What is brightfield microscopy? What are the limitations?

A

most common and simplest of all light microscopy techniques

sample illumination via transmitted white light

illuminated from below and observed from above

limitations: low contrast of most samples, low apparent resolution due to blur of out of focus material

22
Q

What is darkfield microscopy?

A

technique for improving contrast of unstained, transparent specimens

uses carefully aligned light source to minimize quantity of directly transmitted (unscathed) light entering the image plan

collects only light scattered by the sample

dramatically improves the image contrast, especially of transparent objects

23
Q

What is electron microscopy and its advantages?

A

electrons to illuminate specimen and create enlarged image

greater resolving power than light microscopes and can obtain much higher magnification

uses electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses in forming image by controlling the electron beam to focus specific plane relative to specimen

similar manner to how light microscope uses glass lenses to focus light on or through specimen to form an image

24
Q

What is fluorescent microscopy?

A

uses fluorescence instead of or in addition to reflection and absorption to view an object

when certain coumpounds are illuminated with high-energy light, they emit light of a different, lower frequency.

effect is known as fluorescence

fluorescence emission differs in wavelength from excitation light

uses fluorescent dyes to label structures of interest

25
Q

What is phase-contrast microscopy?

A

widely used

small phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen show differences in refractive index as difference in contrast

microscope objective has special optical properties: reduces the direct light in intensity, creates an artificial phase difference

as the physical properties of this direct light change, interference with the diffracted light occurs resulting in phase-contrasted image

26
Q

What is polarized microscopy?

A

produces only transmitted polarized light

means that light is provided from the bottom and is transmitted through the thin section of birefringent specimen on a microscope slide

applications in medicine include microscopic crystals in urine

27
Q

What is differential interference contrast microscopy?

A

gives viewer 3D image of object

brightfield microscope modified into DIC by addition of polarizing elements typically encountered on a polarized light microscope

AND two specially constructed birefringent compound prisms

condenser prism is a beam splitter

two split beams of light are polarized and are recombined by the objective prism

recombination of light waves gives 3D image

28
Q

What are the three systems of measurement in the US?

A

English, metric and international system of units (SI)

29
Q

What are the English units of measurement for length, mass and volume?

A

Length = inch, foot, yard
Mass= pound
Volume= cup, pint, quart, gallon

30
Q

What is the metric system based on?

A

decimal system, all multiples of ten

31
Q

What are the Metric units of measurement for length, mass and volume?

A

Length = meter
Mass = gram
Volume = liter

32
Q

What is the international system of units (SI)

A

worldwide standardized system based on seven units

33
Q

Which measurement system is recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)?

A

SI units

34
Q

What are the 7 SI Units?

A

Length = Meter
Mass = Kilogram
Time = Second
Amount of substance = Mole
Temperature = Kelvin
Electric current = Ampere
Luminous intensity = Candela

35
Q

What are the 13 standard prefixes in the SI system and the conversion factors?

A

Femto = 10e-15
Pico - 10e-12
Pico = 10e-9
Micro = 10e-6
Milli = 10e-3
Centi = 10e-2
Deci = 10e-1
Deka = 10-e1
Hecto = 10e2
Kilo = 10e3
Mega = 10e6
Giga = 10e9

36
Q

What is the formula to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

C = 5/9(F-32)

37
Q

What is the formula to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit?

A

F = [(9/5)C ]+ 32

38
Q

What is the formula to calculate Kelvin?

A

K = C + 273

39
Q

What are the formulas for percent solutions?

A

weight/weight

weight/volume

voiume/volume

40
Q

How do you calculate molarity?

A

M = moles/Liter

1 mole = gram molecular weight (GMW)

M = mmoles/mL

M = GMW/L

41
Q

If a solution contains 40g NaOH per liter what is the molarity?

A

40g/L convert to moles/Liter

1 mole NaOH = Na 23 + 0 16 + H 1 = 40 GMW

conversion factor = 1mole/40g

40g/L x 1mole/40g = 1mole/L = 1M

42
Q

How is Normality Calculated?

A

N = Equivelants/Liter

1 Equivalent = GMW/valence

valence = number of units that can combine with H

Example HCl = 1, H2SO4 =2, H3SO4 = 3

N = Molarity x Valence

43
Q

If 60 g of NaOH is dissolved in 1 Liter of water what is the normality?

A

60g/L NaOH, convert to Eq/L = N

1 equivalent = 40 GMW/1 Valence = 40g

Conversion factor = 1Eq/40g

60g/L x 1Eq/40g = 1.5N

44
Q

How do you calculate Molality?

A

molality = mOsmo/kilogram

1.86 (NA) + Glu/18 + BUN/2.8

45
Q

Given the following calculate the osmolality; Na = 150 mmoles/L; Glu = 180 mg/dL; BUN = 14mg/dL

A

1.86 (150) + 180/18 + 14/2.8

279 + 10 + 5 = 294

46
Q

What is the formula for calculating concentrated solutions?

A

C1V1 = C2V2

C= concentration
V= volume

1= known
2= unknown

47
Q
A

GK (15 decks)

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