Clinical Testing Specialties Flashcards
How do you calculate M:E ratio?
ratio of sum of myeloid cells to erythroid
myeloid = blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
E = normoblasts (Immature RBC)
ignore: lymphocytes, monocytes
What is immunohematology?
Immunohematology is a branch of hematology and transfusion medicine which studies antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders.
blood typing, cross-matching and antibody identification.
In the immunohematology reference laboratory, hemagglutination is the gold standard test to detect reactions between antibody and antigens.
Immunohaematology is the study of blood and blood-forming organs. It is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases that affect the production of blood cells and platelets.
What is histocompatibility testing and its purpose?
The goal of histocompatibility testing is to ensure that a transplanted organ remains viable in the recipient for the longest period of time. Three sets of tests are performed to accomplish this goal. The first is determining the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types of the patient and donor. This test allows for determination of the amount of mismatch between a donor and a recipient. The second is determining the presence and identity of any anti-HLA antibodies by testing against a reference cell panel, otherwise known as panel-reactive antibody or PRA testing. Lastly, donor-specific antibody response is measured in the crossmatch assay. The goal of antibody testing (PRA and crossmatch) is to determine if there are anti-HLA antibodies present in the recipient and, if so, are these antibodies clinically significant.
Histocompatibility literally means tissue compatibility and involves testing donors and recipients to see if they are HLA matches.
Histocompatibility testing, also known as “HLA” testing, is among the highest complexity testing performed in clinical laboratories. Most HLA laboratories utilize molecular methodologies for typing patients at several HLA loci and a variety of test methodologies for HLA antibody screening and crossmatching.
What are the 9 CLIA specialties?
Histocompatibility
Microbiology
Diagnostic Immunology
Chemistry
Hematology
Immunohematology
Pathology
Radiobioassay
Clinical Cytogenetics
What is the subspecialty mycobacteriology testing for?
performs traditional culture and molecular diagnostics for M. tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species.
What are the 5 subspecialties of microbiology testing?
Bacteriology
Mycobacteriology
Mycology
Parasitology
Virology
What is tested in the subspecialty of parasitology?
Medical parasitology traditionally has included the study of three major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, parasitic helminths (worms), and those arthropods that directly cause disease or act as vectors of various pathogens. A parasite is a pathogen that simultaneously injures and derives sustenance from its host.
What is tested in Diagnostic Immunology?
The immunology lab performs tests to help diagnose and treat rare primary immunodeficiencies and other disorders of the immune system in children.
What is the subspecialty of routine chemistry?
General or routine chemistry is the area of laboratory medicine dealing with measuring commonly ordered analytes
What is tested in Toxicology subspecialty?
It can be used to evaluate possible accidental or intentional overdose or poisoning. It may help determine the cause of acute drug toxicity, monitor drug dependency, and determine the presence of substances in the body for medical or legal purposes.
What are the 4 subspecialties of Chemistry?
Routine chemistry
urinanalysis
endocrinology
toxicology
What is tested in specialty of Hematology?
Hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders. Hematologists and hematopathologists are highly trained healthcare providers. They specialize in diseases of the blood and blood components.
Routine hematology testing including complete blood count, blood differential, smear morphology and bone marrow staining
Routine coagulation testing (PT and PTT)
Advanced hematology testing including flow cytometry testing for lymphomas, leukemias, plasma cell neoplasms, systemic mastocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and other lymphoproliferative disorders
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
Advanced coagulation testing including hypercoagulability studies, coagulation factor and inhibitor studies, platelet antibody and aggregation, antiphospholipid antibody testing, ristocetin titration and others
Urinalysis, body fluid analysis and cell counts
What are the 5 subspecialties of immunohematology?
ABO Group & Rh Type
Antibody detection (transfusion)
antibody detection (non-transfusion)
antibody identification
compatibility testing
What are the three subspecialties of pathology?
histopathology
oral pathology
cytology
What does the subspecialty of histopathology do?
Histopathology is the diagnosis and study of diseases of the tissues, and involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope. Histopathologists are responsible for making tissue diagnoses and helping clinicians manage a patient’s care.
diagnosis by examining a small piece of tissue from the skin, liver, kidney or other organ. This is called a biopsy.
What is the subspecialty of oral pathology?
Oral pathology (oral and maxillofacial pathology/head and neck pathology) is a specialized field of pathology dealing with the diseases of oral cavity and its associated structures (i.e., teeth, tongue; bony tissue [maxilla and mandible]; joint [temporomandibular joint]; lymph nodes; nerves; structures in neck and blood vessels of the ear, nose and throat [pharynx and larynx]). The qualified doctors of this domain are called oral and maxillofacial pathologists.
What is done in cytology subspecialty?
Cytology is the exam of a single cell type, as often found in fluid specimens. It’s mainly used to diagnose or screen for cancer. It’s also used to screen for fetal abnormalities, for pap smears, to diagnose infectious organisms, and in other screening and diagnostic areas.
The most famous ones are FNA, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), and needle aspiration biopsy cytology (NABC). All of them mean the same thing; aspirating cellular material using a fine needle to make a diagnosis.
What is clinical cytogenetics?
Clinical cytogenetics is the study of the relationship of chromosomal alterations and genetic diseases in human beings.
detecting, analysing and interpreting genetic diseases in human blood, tissue and bodily fluid samples
What is antibody detection (Transfusion)?
An RBC antibody screen is used to check your blood for RBC antibodies before you have a blood transfusion or when you’re pregnant: Before a blood transfusion, the test can help show whether donor blood is compatible (well matched) with your blood
What is tested in mycology subspecialty?
Fungal infections
What is compatbility testing subspecialty?
The full compatibility testing process involves ABO and RhD (Rh factor) typing; screening for antibodies against other blood group systems; and crossmatching, which involves testing the recipient’s blood plasma against the donor’s red blood cells as a final check for incompatibility.
What does diagnostic immunology look at?
sub-specialties of primary immunodeficiency diseases, allergy and immunology, rheumatology, autoimmune and infectious-disease serology and hematologic malignancies. T
