General medicine Flashcards
Vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency
Beriberi - polyneuropathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff, heart failure
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency
Pellagra - dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency
Anaemia, irritability, seizures
Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency
Dermatitis, seborrhoea
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency
Megaloblastic anaemia
Deficiency during pregnancy - neural tube defects
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Megaloblastic anaemia, peripheral neuropathy
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency
Scurvy - gingivitis, bleeding
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets, osteomalacia
Vitamin E deficiency
Mild haemolytic anaemia in newborns
Ataxia, peripheral neuropathy
Vitamin K deficiency
Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Bleeding diathesis
Ramipril monitoring/initiation
U&Es at baseline, 2 weeks after starting treatment (and after each dose change)
Creatinine can increase up to 30% from baseline
Potassium can increase up to 5.5
T wave inversion associated with…
MI, PE, intracranial haemorrhage
Prolonged QT associated with…
Medications e.g. antiarrhythmics, antipsychotics
Electrolyte abnormalities e.g. hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia
Congenital long QT syndrome
U waves associated with
Hypokalaemia
Bradycardia
LVH
Digoxin
Peaked P waves associated with
Right atrial enlargement due to COPD or pulmonary hypertension
ECG changes in hyperkalaemia
Tall tented T waves, small P waves, widened QRS
When to give statins for primary prevention
Q risk >/= 10% OR most T1DM OR CKD if eGFR <60
Primary prevention dose 20mg atorvastatin
Secondary prevention statin dose
80mg atorvastatin
Which NSAID is contraindicated in IHD?
Diclofenac (not topical)
Contraindications to diclofenac use
Ischaemic heart disease
Peripheral arterial disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Congestive heart failure
Which drugs can cause hypothyroidism
Lithium
Amiodarone (can also cause hyper)
Carbimazole
Mechanism of action of metformin
Decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases peripheral insulin sensitivity
May also reduce GI absorption of carbs
Mechanism of action of gliptins
DPP-4 inhibitors
Reduce peripheral breakdown of incretins e.g. GLP-1
Mechanism of actions of sulfonylureas
Increase pancreatic insulin secretion
Loop diuretics side effects
Low Na/K/Mg/Ca
Ototoxicity
Gout
Tuberous sclerosis
Autosomal dominant condition
Benign tumours in brain, spinal cord, eyes, lung, heart, kidneys and skin
