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The Grind > General Knowledge > Flashcards

General Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

The Danube [GER] at nearly 3,000km is the 2nd longest river in Europe. It begins at the confluence of the Brigach and Breg Rivers in Germany’s Black Forest and moves SE through 10 countries

Name 7 wine making country’s of note?

A

Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania

Empty’s into the Black Sea marking the boundary between Romania and the Ukraine.

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2
Q

Trajectory of Switzerland’s 2 most famous Rivers?

A

The Rhine begins at Tomasee lake in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps flowing North through France and then Germany and of course emptying into the Sea through the Netherlands.

The French Rhone starts here at the Rhone Glacier, Valais in the Swiss Alps, flowing West through the Lac Léman past Geneva and into France where it merges with the Saône at Lyon and continues south to discharges into the Mediterranean Sea.

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3
Q

4 types of coffee beans?

A

Arabica: Thought to be the first. 60% of coffee production.

Robusta: 2nd in prod. double the amount of Caffeine.

Excelsa: Only 7% of prod. Mainly SE Asia.

Liberica: Largest & irregular in size, shape and flavor.

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4
Q

Worlds 3 Highest vineyards?

A

‘Pure Land & Super High Altitude’ Vineyard @ 3,563m in the South of Tibet. Vidal, Muscat, Bei Bing Hong (ice wine variety)
Recognized by Guinness World Records in 2018.

Vino Uquia: Finca Moya vineyard is at 3,329m. Uraqui Minero Corte A: Syrah, Malbec, Merlot

Bodegas Colomé: Finca Altura Maxima vineyard in Cachi is 3,111m.

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5
Q

‘Feuillete’ barrel size and location?

A

132l, Chablis. eg. Raveneau

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6
Q

Barrique
Size & bottles?

Pièce
Size & bottles?

Quartaut?

A

225l = 300 x 750ml

(Burgundy)
228l = 304 x 750ml

Also Cote D’Or, at 57L a ‘quartaut’ is a quarter-size barrel.

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7
Q

‘Demi-Muid’ size and location?

A

600l Southern (& Northern) Rhone

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8
Q

Stuck
Halbstuck
Doppelstuck

size & location?

A

1,200l
600l
2,400l

Rheingau, German oval Cask.

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9
Q

Hogshead size & location?

A

300l, Australia.

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10
Q

Gonc size & location?

A

136l, Tokaji. Hungarian Oak Cask.

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11
Q

Champagne barrel size?

A

Traditionally 205l (eg. Krug) although some houses may bring in Burgundy barrels for barrel fermentation.

All of Bollinger’s vintage designated wines are fermented and aged exclusively in cask also. Only house to have all its barrel needs serviced by their own cooper.

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12
Q

Cognac barrel size?

A

350l is the standard now although in 1900 was 275L and only 200L before the French Revolution.

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13
Q

Puncheon size & location?

A

450-500l , Australia.

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14
Q

Jerez Butt?

Bota Chica (Shipping butt)?

A

600-650l

500l (American?)

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15
Q

Fuder size & location?

A

1,000l, Common in Mosel.

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16
Q

Foudre size & location?

A

Variable, Alsace.

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17
Q

Botti / Botte (singular)

A

10hl-300hl
Traditionally Slavonian (Q.Robur). hl = 100l

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18
Q

Port Pipe size for aging?

Port Pipe size shipping?

Madeira Pipe size?

Marsala Pipe size?

A

550-630l

534.24l

418l

423l

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19
Q

Armagnac Pièce size?

A

400-420 L

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20
Q

American Standard Barrel (ASB)/ Bourbon barrel size?

A

190-200L

For Bourbon & Whiskey/y production.

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21
Q

2 notable Amphora producers?

A

Tava
100% clay amphora from Piedmonte. Sizes in 320L, 750L and 1600L.
Chateau Durfort-Vivens has 150 TAVA amphoras.

Nomblot
Use to be Burgundy? Now based East of Paris, use to be a coffin craftsman. Concrete Tanks/Eggs.

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22
Q

Caratelli size?

Producer of note?

A

Vin Santo

50L, but can be up to 225L.

Renzi Francesco is the most famous; better known for the manufacture of similar barrels used for Modena balsamic vinegar

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23
Q

Red Oak are porous and cannot be relied on for watertight cooperage.

Name 3 commonly used White Oaks?

Pro’s and cons?

A

Quercus Alba (American). White oak- not white though refers to the leaves? Highest in lactones. 80-90 years of age for harvest.

Quercus Petraea/Sessiliflora (French & Central Eastern European)
aka. sessik oak, cornish oak & durmast – have more lactones than Robur?

Quercus Robur (AKA: Common Oak/ English Oak/ Quercus Pedunculata) in the forest of Limousin, France & Slavonian Oak (Northern Balkans)

150-200 years of age for the European counterparts. European Oaks have more tannin and contribute more to structure.

Harvest of oak intended for winemaking takes place in the winter months when there is less sap in the trunk.

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24
Q

What variety of Oak are Portuguese cork trees?

2 major planting regions?

Life cycle?

A

Quercus Suber

Alentejano and Algrave produce more than half the world’s supply of corks.

A Quercus Suber can be harvested from 25 years old and then every 9 years after allowing for a latency period to regenerate. A cork oak lives for approximately 150 years, this means that each tree can be harvested twelve or up to fifteen times.

25
Q

Oxygen Transfer Rates among American and European Oak?

A

Since French oak must be split, only 20 to 25% of the tree can be utilized.

American oak may be sawn, which makes it at least twice as economical.

Traditionally American oak is left outside to dry, and not kiln dried like traditional French would be.

American Oak has a higher OTR mainly due to the fact that it is cut.

26
Q

6 forests in France for oak barrel production? location?

A

Vosges [NE]
Character varies on altitude but generally tight grained.

Bertranges [North-East Central, Running West alongside Burgundy]

Nevers [North-Central, West of Dijon]

Allier [Central France]

Tronçais tron-say [Central France, North of Moulins and Saint-Pourçain (Auvergne)]

Is the most famous subsection of the greater Allier forest.
Has the finest grain and the most closely packed annual growth rings. Tends to fetch the highest prices/ be the most expensive. Popular for Wine and Brandy.

Limousin [Central Southwestern France – North & West of Limoges]

Wide grains and are more tannic than the tight grained woods and are more popular for Brandy.

Almost all were planted in Napoleonic times. In some forests Robur and Petraea grow together but are not systematically differentiated as far as timber quality is concerned; although the trees are fairly easy to tell apart.

27
Q

World’s most southern commercial winery?

A

Otronia, Sarmiento IG, Chubut @ 45.33° latitude south.

Lago Musters glacial lake – ‘Otronia’ is an old local name for the lake. Alberto Antonini & Pedro Parra consult. 50ha on clay, gravels and fragmented mother rock and sand with some limestone?. Wind breaks and netting helps protect from the racing Patagonian winds and allows them to operate organically. Chardonnay.

Formerly was Sam Neill’s Two Paddocks Vineyard in Central Otago, New Zealand at 45.22° South

Emphasis on ‘commercial’. There are research stations in Chile at Chile Chico at 46° 33′.

28
Q

Steepest vineyard in Europe? (World?)

1 producer?

A

Bremmer ‘Calmont’ in the village of Bremm (Burg Cochem/Lower Mosel) is the steepest vineyard in Europe – if not the world @ 65°-70° incline.

Worked by hand on rail chairs. Shale, silt, limestone, quartzite and sandstone. Walter J Oster is a producer.

29
Q

Highest Vineyards in Europe?

Associated Variety’s?

A

Visperterminen in Visp, Central Valais @1,150m SW exposure. The flagship grape here is “Heida Visperterminen” a local synonym for Savagnin, which can also go by the name Païen.

Mount Teide “tay-dee”, Tenerife (3,718m # 1 in Spain)
5 DO’s; with Abona DO @ 1,600m.
The most important varieties are Listán Blanco for whites and red’s Listán Negro and Negramoll.

30
Q

6 most planted GRAPE Varieties in the world?

A

*Kyoho: 365,000ha Black table grape. v.vinifera × v. labrusca. 90% of these plantings are in China.

*Cabernet Sauvignon 341,000ha

*Sultanina/ Sultana/ Thomson Seedless/ Izmir (Turkey): 273,000ha white table grape. 3 way grape (table, rasin & wine) but best known for raisin production.

*Merlot

*Tempranillo

*Airen (w) 252,000? Is planted at lower densities and almost exclusively in Spain and notably in La Mancha.

31
Q

Top 5 country’s by vineyard surface?

A

Vineyard Surface Area in ha.

  • Spain 955,000 (13.1% of World)
  • France 812,000 (11.2%)
  • China 785,000
  • Italy 218,000
  • Turkey 410,000
32
Q

Top 5 country’s by wine production volume (excl juices & musts)

A

Wine Production by Volume (excl juices & musts)

  • Italy 49.8 (19.3%)
  • France 45.6 (17.7%)
  • Spain 35.7
  • USA 22.4
  • Australia 12.7
33
Q

Who identified Umami?

A

Japanese Scientist Dr. Kikunae Ikeda in 1907

34
Q

Who is the Japanese pioneer associated with ‘Permaculture’?

A

aka. ‘Natural Farming’

Masanobu Fukuoka (Japan) is equal part natural farmer and philosopher; accredited with being one of the pioneers of ‘ with books such as ‘The One Straw Revolution’ (1975) based on approaches he undertook in farming during the 30’s.

35
Q

Vintages not produced by Château d’Yquem?

A

1910, 1915, 1930, 1951, 1952, 1964, 1972, 1974, 1992 and 2012.

36
Q

Who produces Crème De Tête?

A

Château Gilette, Preignac.
Famous for its super long aged Sauternes. Indigenous ferment then aged in concrete vat (20-40hl) with no racking, no topping up, no added sulphur, no lees stirring for up to 20 years. No Oak. This style begun with the 1937 vintage (inaugural Crème De Tête) when Rene went off to fight in WW2 and came back 9 years later to discover the wine hadn’t been moved into barrel or bottle.

More declassified vintages than d’Yquem.

Since 1967 their entire 4.5ha clos with its sand over limestone soils have been used entirely for the Crème De Tête. Only replace individual vines when they die; some vines date back to the 1930’s. 90% Semillon, 8% Sauvignon Blanc and 2% Muscadelle Holdings include some of Bordeaux’s oldest Muscadelle vines.

37
Q

Vidal

Crossing and by who?

A

White hybrid cross between

Ugni Blanc/Trebbiano Toscano x Rayon D’Or
(winter hardiness without foxy taste)

Jean Louis Vidal, Charente region for Cognac in the 1930’s.

38
Q

Name of the tool commonly used to extract spirit?

A

Pipette

39
Q

Champagne AOC

4 Permitted Training Methods?

A

Chablis, Cordon de Royat, Vallée de la Marne (allowed for Meunier only), Guyot (simple or double).

40
Q

Where is the worlds oldest known vine?

A

Maribor (village), Podravje, Slovenia.

In the city center on the ‘Old Vine House’ grows an 450+ year old Žametovka vine

Recognized by the Guinness Book of records as the oldest vine in the world, which still bears fruit annually.

Planted by the end of the Middle Ages, when Maribor was sieged by the Turks.

41
Q

2 synonyms for Folle Blanche?

A

Piquepoul (Gascogne & Languedoc [Picpoul de Pinet AOC])
Gros Plant (Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOP, Loire)

42
Q

What are Teinturier variety’s?

While there are many name 4 commonly found in production?

A

French: ‘to dye or stain’

The grape pulp also contains anthocyanins and thus have a red pulp pigmentation as well as the skin.

Saperavi

Colorino

Alicante Bouschet/ Garnacha Tintorera [Castilla La Mancha],

Chambourcin

43
Q

Name the 5 Champagne Villages elevated to Grand Cru in 1985?

A

Montage de Reims
*Verzy

Cotes de Blancs
*Chouilly (fmr. GC for White only)
*Oiry
*Oger
*Les Mesnil-Sur-Oger

44
Q

Which Champagne Grand Cru was redefined in 2020?

A

Tours-sur-Marne (fmr. GC for Red Only)

formerly Vallee de la Marne now Montage de Reims.

45
Q

Name 2 99% Champagne 1er Crus?

A

Tauxières-Mutry 1er (99%) just west of Bouzy, MdR. ‘taux-e-air moo-tre’

Mareuil-sur-Ay 1er (99%) that includes Clos Saint-Hilaire & Clos de Goisses, VdM.

46
Q

Name 2 of the 1er Crus in Montage de Reims that are pred. planted to Chardonnay?

A

In the Southeast of Montage de Reims there is an area of four 1er cru Chardonnay dominated villages due to a chalk outcrop, sometimes called the ‘perle blanche’ / ‘white pearl’. However there is some Pinot Noir planted.

Villers-Marmery
Notably east facing. Deeper clay tosoils. Rounder & richer with a characteristic waxiness. Arnaud Margaine top producer.

Trépail “Trep-pay”
The most well-known, David Léclapart is here. Notably east facing. Thinner topsoils. Traditionally among the last crus to harvest. Mouthwatering grapefruit acidity.

47
Q

Atlantique IGP

Covers what wine regions?

A

Bordeaux, Cognac & Dordogne Gironde,

Departments:

Charente-Maritime, Charente, Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne (partial)

48
Q

Comté Tolosan IGP

Covers what wine regions?

A

Southwestern France

Departments:

Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Gers, Hautes-Pyrénées, Haute-Garonne, Ariège, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Aveyron, Cantal

49
Q

Comtés Rhodaniens IGP

Covers what wine regions?

A

Northern Rhône & Savoie

Departments:

Loire, Rhône, Ain, Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Isère, Ardèche, Drôme

50
Q

Méditerranée IGP

Covers what wine regions?

A

Rhône Valley, Provence, & Corsica

Departments:

Ardèche, Drôme, Haute-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Alpes-Maritimes, Var, Vaucluse, Bouches-du-Rhône, Corse-du-Sud, Haut-Corse

51
Q

Pays d’Oc IGP

Covers what wine regions?

A

Languedoc & Roussillon

Department:

Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Hérault, Gard, Lozère

52
Q

Terres du Midi IGP

Covers what wine regions?

A

Languedoc & Roussillon (2018 incl more grape varieties’ the Pays d’Oc IGP).

Department:

Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Hérault, Gard, Lozère

53
Q

What is the regional IGP/PGI for Loire Valley?

A

Val de Loire IGP

54
Q

Many (sub) department IGP of their greater regional IGP are named after rivers.

What is the department IGP covering Savoie?

A

Isère IGP

The Isère River traverses the region; an important left-bank tributary of the Rhône, the Isère merges with it a few kilometres north of Valence (starts in the Graian Alps, Italy). The Savoie is where the Rhone travelling South from the Lac Leman, takes a ‘V’ turn and heads North-West before turning West to Lyon.

55
Q

Bollinger Vieilles Vignes Francaises Blanc de Noir

meaning?

3 crus?

Inaugural vintage?

A

Old French Vines

Refers to the ancient training method EN FOULE/layering and not the age of the un-grafted pre phylloxera vines which produces a super-rich vinous wine.

100% Pinot Noir from 2 vineyards Clos St Jaques & Clos Chaudes Terres (Both in Ay).

A 3rd plot Croix Rouge succumbed to phylloxera and was uprooted in 2004

2005 was the only Brut Nature

2,500-3,000 bottles a year. 1969 (released in 1974).

56
Q

Name 5 commonly found Vitis Labrusca variety’s?

1 character of this species?

A

Vitis labrusca/ the fox grape’s are native to eastern North America .

“slip-skin” that allows the skin of the grape berries to easily slip off when squeezed, instead of crushing the pulp

Catawba (w with pink skin) sweet-spk white-pink
Concord (r)
Delaware (w with pink-red skin)
Isabella (r)
Niagara (w)

57
Q

What is Loess?

A

Aeolian (windborne) sediment, defined as an accumulation of 20% or less of clay with a balance of roughly equal parts sand and silt.

58
Q

3 main principles of Kosher wines?

A

Wines and/or grapes are only handled by Sabbath observing Jews.

All additivies: fining agents, yeasts and cleaning materials must be kosher certified.

Mevushal ‘flash pasteurization’.

Varys as many Jews are secular with different practices. Plus kosher to drink and kosher for Passover are different as Passover forbids leavened agents and products.

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