Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > general exam 3 cards > Flashcards

general exam 3 cards Flashcards

1
Q

CNS Neuroglia:

A

astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PNS Neuroglia:

A

Satellite Cells, Schwann Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • CNS
  • most abundant
  • increase neurotransmitter reuptake
  • controlling the ionic environment around neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microglial Cells

A
  • CNS
  • smallest and least abundant
  • macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • CNS
  • glial but also ciliated epithelium
  • helps make and move CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • CNS
  • can form sheaths for multiple axons
  • myelinated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Satellite Cells

A
  • PNS

- surrounds cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • surrounds all axons in PNS

- axons are only myelinated if more than 1 layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neuroglia

A

cells have processes, non-excitable, smaller, more numerous than neurons, can divide throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

non-myelinated

A

only 1 layer of myelin or schwann cell doesnt cover axon completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nerves are located in

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tracts are located in

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

no interneuron but still passes through the integration center (spinal cord gray matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A

has interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diencephalon made up of

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Brain stem made up of

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lateral Ventricles serve

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Third ventricle serves

A

Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct serves

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fourth ventricle serves

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla (not mid brain!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Central canal serves

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

separates lateral ventricles in the anterior area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ventricle Aperatures

A
  • 1 medial, 2 lateral

- allows CSF out of ventricular system and to surround brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cerebrum layers

A
  • Cerebral cortex: gray
  • Cerebral white matter: white
  • Cerebral gray matter: gray
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gyrus

A

individual bump on cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sulcus

A

individual grove on cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fissure

A

longer/larger sulci on cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cerebral lobes

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Insular (hidden inside)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Transverse Cerebral fissure

A

separates cerebral cortex and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Central sulcus

A

separates front and back (frontal and parietal lobes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Precentral gyrus

A
  • rostral to central sulcus; primary motor cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A
  • caudal to central sulcus; primary somatosensory cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cerebral White Matter Fibers:

A
  • Commissural
  • Associational
  • Projection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Commissural Fibers

A
  • connects both hemispheres

- largest is corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Associational Fibers

A
  • intrahemisphereic, long or short
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Projection

A
  • cortex to lower CNS, vertical, usually long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cerebral Deep Gray Matter

A
  • basal nuclei (ganglia)
  • claustrum
  • amygdala
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)

A
  • important for motor control (associated with Parkinsons)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Thalamus

A
  • relay station (has interneurons), has subnuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • controls homeostasis, has subnuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A
  • posterior caudal nucleus of hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • contains pineal gland and posterior commissure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Pineal gland

A

releases melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Infundibulum

A

stalk of pituitary gland (connected to hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Midbrain made of

A
  • Cerebral peduncles
  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • Corpora quadrigemma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

mostly motor axons (tracts) from cortex to cerebellum and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Corpora quadrigemma

A
  • 4 bumps on dorsal midbrain
  • superior colliculi - visual reflexes
  • inferior colliculi - auditory reflexes
48
Q

Pons

A
  • a bridge (of tracts) connecting brain stem and cerebellum
49
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • also helps in homeostasis

- contains pyramids, olives, and motor decussation

50
Q

Pyramids

A

motor tracts that form bulges on anterior surface of medulla

51
Q

Olives

A

nuclei that form bulges lateral to pyramids

52
Q

Motor decussation

A

middle line and hash marks, motor neurons switch sides here

53
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • 2 hemispheres
  • cortex: gray matter, folds called folia
  • white matter called arbor vitae
  • Vermis - midline structure
54
Q

Lobes of Cerebellum

A

anterior, posterior and flocculondular

55
Q

Anterior and Posterior lobes of Cerebellum

A

motor coordination and smooth voluntary movement

56
Q

Flocculondular lobe of cerebellum

A

equilibrium and balance

57
Q

Meninges

A

connective tissure sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord

58
Q

Parts of Meninges

A
  • Dura Mater (most superficial)
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater (most deep)
59
Q

Periosteum

A

under scalp, above skull, dense irregular CTP, lots of collagen, very strong

60
Q

2 parts of dura mater:

A
  • Periosteol (on bone)

- Meningeal (dips into brain)

61
Q

Dural Venous Sinus

A
  • collects CSF, created by meningeal layer separating

- CSF flows to posterior of skull and merges with interior jugular vein

62
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

makes CSF

63
Q

Dural septum made by

A

Right and left meningeal layers coming together

64
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

separates the cerebral hemispheres

65
Q

Tentorum Cerebelli

A

separates cerebellum from the cerebrum, sits in the transverse cerebral fissure

66
Q

Cauda Equina

A

collection of spinal NERVES (not part of CNS)

67
Q

Filum Terminale

A

filament that anchors spinal cord to coccyx, made of fibrous tissue

68
Q

Point of Issue

A

where nerve is found between 2 vertebrae

69
Q

Cervical has ___ extra nerve

A

1; C8 nerve

70
Q

Spinal Cord White Matter

A

dorsal, ventral and lateral funiculus (columns)

71
Q

Spinal Cord Gray Matter

A

dorsal, ventral, (and lateral) horns

- lateral horns only found in T1-L2!

72
Q

Dorsal roots of nerve

A

pure sensory, has ganglion (use for orientation)

73
Q

Ventral roots of nerve

A

pure motor

74
Q

Spinal Cord Segments

A
  • cervical is football shaped, lots of white matter, large ventral horns
  • thoracic is smallest, tiny white matter, lateral horns
  • Lumbosacral - lots of gray matter, rounder, butterfly shaped white matter
75
Q

Tracts are named from

A

where they start; names indicate direction

76
Q

spinal cord white matter is both __ and __

A

sensory and motor

77
Q

SPinothalamic Pathway

A

switch sides in spine

78
Q

Motor pathway

A

switch sides in motor decussation (medulla)

79
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

brain –> interneuron/lower motor neuron

doesn’t directly connect to an organ

80
Q

Lower Motor Neuron

A

soma in ventral horn, connects to effector organ

81
Q

Special somatic senses

A

hearing, equilibrium, vision

82
Q

Special Visceral senses

A

taste, smell

83
Q

Somatic motor nerves innervate

A

skeletal muscle

84
Q

Autonomic motor nerves inntervate

A

smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

85
Q

most nerves are ____ nerves

A

mixed

86
Q

CN I

A
  • Olfactory
  • Sensory: smell
  • has nerves, bulbs, and tract
87
Q

CN II

A
  • Optic
  • Sensory: Vision
  • has nerves, chiasm, and tract
88
Q

CN III

A
  • Oculomotor
  • Motor: moves eye, changes pupil shape
  • LR6SO4, everything else CN 3
89
Q

CN IV

A
  • Trochlear
  • Motor: move eye (superior oblique)
  • if damaged, cant look inferolaterally
  • smallest cranial nerve
90
Q

CN V

A
  • Trigeminal
  • Sensory: sensation to face
  • Motor: mastication (not facial expressions)
91
Q

CN VI

A
  • Abducens

- Motor: moves eye (lateral rectus)

92
Q

CN VII

A
  • Facial
  • Sensory: taste on anterior 2/3 tongue
  • Motor: move face (expressions)
93
Q

CN VIII

A
  • Vestibulocochlear

- Sensory: equilibrium and hearing

94
Q

CN IX

A
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue
    Motor: swallowing
95
Q

CN X

A
  • Vagus
  • Sensory: Taste from epiglottis
  • Motor: swallowing and vocalization
  • only CN that innervates outside of head and neck
  • lots of parasympathetic info
96
Q

CN XI

A
  • Accessory
  • Motor: moves head (trapezius and sternocleiodmastoid )
  • actually a spinal nerve
97
Q

CN XII

A
  • Hypoglossal

- Motor: move tongue, no taste!

98
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A
  • ventral rami of all spinal nerves (except T2-T12) branch and join one another forming networks
  • functional redundancy
99
Q

T2-T12 nerves innervate in a ____ fashion

A

segmented

100
Q

how many dorsal rami supply back of trunk in segmented fashion

A

all!

101
Q

intercostal nerves

A

used by ventral rami to inntervate rest of trunk not covered by dorsal rami

102
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • gave Phrenic Nerve (hyperstimulation causes hiccups)

- C1-C5

103
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  • C4-T1
104
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A
  • L1-L4
  • femoral: anterior thigh
  • obturator: medial thigh
105
Q

Sacral Plexus

A
  • L4-S4
  • smallest plexus
  • biggest nerve (Sciatic - posterior thigh)
106
Q

dermatome

A

an area of skin that provides sensory input to CNS via one pair of spinal nerves

107
Q

Somatic NS has __ neuron(s), Autonomic has __ neuron(s)

A

1; 2

108
Q

Autonomic Motor has more control of ___ compared to Somatic Motor

A

neurotransmitters; somatic can only release Ach

109
Q

Sympathetic Neurons have ___ preganglionic axon and ___ postganglionic axon

A

short; long

110
Q

Parasympathetic Neurons have ___ preganglionic axon and ___ postganglionic axon

A

long; short

111
Q

4 CNs give parasympathetic info:

A
  • III - Oculomotor - pupillary constriction
  • VI - Facial - lacrimal gland, salivary glands
  • IX - glossopharyngeal - parotid gland
  • X - Vagus - visceral organs of thorax/upper abdomen, 90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
112
Q

skin, blood, and adrenal medulla receive ____ innervation

A

sympathetic

113
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • a sympathetic ganglion
  • made of special neurons called chromaffin cells
  • primarily epinephrine released
114
Q

____ regulates balance of symp/parasymp

A

hypothalamus

115
Q

natural heart rate is ___, but resting rate is much lower, meaning there is a high ____ tone

A

100; parasympathetic

anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions