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Anatomy > Ch 23 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 23 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of the digestive system

A

alimentary canal and accessory organs

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2
Q

ailmentary canal

A

aka the GI tract; the tube from mouth to anus

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3
Q

accessory organs

A

contribute to GI tract but not part of it. Ex: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, teeth

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4
Q

esophagus and trachea are _____ to the heart

A

posterior

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5
Q

functions of the digestive system

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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6
Q

hypochondriac means

A

below costal cartilage

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7
Q

all of the digestive system has ____ muscle except for the proximal end, which has _____ muscle

A

smooth; skeletal

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8
Q

what is peristalsis

A

continuous smooth movement of food bolus down the tube

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9
Q

segmentation in GI tract

A

squeeze one section first, then another section

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10
Q

most hollow organs have 4 tissue layers forming their walls:

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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11
Q

mucosa (mucous membrane) is made out of

A
  • simple columnar epithelum + lamina propria

- muscularis mucosae

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12
Q

function of the muscularis mucosae

A

twitches to dislodge anything stuck in mucous membrane

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13
Q

submucosa is made out of

A

Highly elastic CT with vessels and nerves

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14
Q

muscularis externa is made out of and is responsible for

A

Circular and longitudinal muscle; responsible for peristalsis and segmentation

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15
Q

serosa is ____ and is made out of ____

A

visceral peritoneum; squamous epithelium and connective tissue

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16
Q

the stomach has an extra layer of ____

A

muscularis externa

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17
Q

mesentery and its functions

A

a double layer of peritoneum. it holds organs in place, stores adipose, and is a route for vessels to/from the organs

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18
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity. It has a visceral layer and a parietal layer, and a peritoneal cavity filled with serous fluid

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19
Q

what can you find lots of in the mesentery?

A

vessels, nerves, and adipose

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20
Q

kidneys do not have a

A

mesentery

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21
Q

the only 2 ventral mesenteries are the

A

falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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22
Q

the 3 dorsal mesenteries are

A

transverse mesocolon, greater omentum, and sigmoid mesocolon

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23
Q

mesentery associated with the small intestines is sometimes called

A

mesentery proper

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24
Q

which organs have mesenteries

A
  • Liver
  • stomach
  • ileum and jejunum
  • transverse colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • appendix
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25
Q

which organs dont have mesenteries

A
  • duodenum
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
  • rectum
  • pancreas
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26
Q

liver’s mesentery names

A

falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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27
Q

stomach mesentery names

A

greater and lesser omenteum

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28
Q

Ileum and jejunum mesentery name

A

mesentery proper

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29
Q

transverse colon mesentery name

A

transverse mesocolon

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30
Q

sigmoid colon mesentery name

A

sigmoid mesocolon

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31
Q

uvula function

A

prevents food from going to nasopharynx during swallowing

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32
Q

fauces

A

double archways lateral to the uvula

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33
Q

lots of (superficial or deep) blood vessels under the tongue

A

superficial

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34
Q

bumps you can see on the tongue are not taste buds but

A

papillae

35
Q

fungiform and vallatae papillae have ____ associated with them

A

taste buds

36
Q

filiform papillae do not have ____

A

taste buds

37
Q

function of the filiform papillae

A

to direct food backwards

38
Q

internal muscles of tongue function

A

changes tongue shape, are not attached to bones

39
Q

external muscles of tongue function; what are they attatched to

A

to change tongue position, are attatched to bones of skull and hyoid

40
Q

function of suprahyoid muscles

A

lift the larynx and position it under the epiglottis

41
Q

function of Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle

A

push food into the esophagus

42
Q

function of Infrahyoid Muscles

A

return the larynx to its original position

43
Q

hyoid bone is anchored to

A

cartilages associated with the larynx

44
Q

esophagus

A

Collapsible muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach

45
Q

layers of esophagus

A
  • Mucosa: non-ker. strat. sq. epith.
  • Submucosa: mucous glands
  • Muscularis externa: transitions from skeletal to smooth muscle
  • No serosa
46
Q

at the cardiac sphincter there is an abrupt transition in mucosa from ____ to ____

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus) → simple columnar epithelium (rest of GI tract)

47
Q

food is stored in stomach for about 4 hours and turned into

A

chyme

48
Q

first site of protein breakdown is in

A

the stomach

49
Q

first place of carbohydrate breakdown is in

A

the mouth (saliva)

50
Q

inside ____ is where the most acid is secreted

A

fundus

51
Q

rugae

A

nonpermanent wrinkles in the mucosal lining that are present in any of the collapsible organs in the body (like the bladder and esophagus)

52
Q

gastric glands are multicellular and contain which types of cells

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • chief cells
  • parietal cells
53
Q

what do chief cells make

A

pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)

54
Q

what do parietal cells make

A

HCl

55
Q

how does HCl and pepsinogen interact

A

HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which breaks down proteins

56
Q

in which layer are gastric pits and glands located

A

in the mucosa

57
Q

the small intestine is the ____ of the GI tract

A

longest

58
Q

where is the site with the most enzymatic digestion and almost all absorption of nutrients

A

the small intestine

59
Q

what are most digestive enzymes secreted by

A

the pancreas

60
Q

what are the regions of the small intestine in order

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

61
Q

what are the modifications of the small intestine for more surface area

A
  • circular folds (plicae circularis)
  • villi
  • microvilli
62
Q

function of the circular folds

A

to direct things downwards

63
Q

villi are made out of what type of epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium, which have microvilli

64
Q

bile is formed by the ____ and stored by the ____

A

liver; gallbladder

65
Q

R + L hepatic ducts =

A

common hepatic duct

66
Q

common hepatic duct + cystic duct =

A

common bile duct

67
Q

can the common bile duct be closed

A

yes

68
Q

wall of the gallbladder has ____ and ____

A

smooth muscle and epithelium (that forms rugae)

69
Q

accessory pancreatic duct

A

backup tube that enzymes can go through in case a gallstone blocks the common entrance

70
Q

major duodenal papilla

A

shared opening of common bile and pancreatic duct

71
Q

functions of large intenstine

A
  • Receives undigested food from small intestine
  • Absorbs water and electrolytes
  • Passes feces out of the GI tract with mass peristaltic movements rather than constant peristalsis
72
Q

Ileocal valve

A

valve between the small and large intestine; closed and gets filled until distended, then we have a mass peristaltic movement

73
Q

appendix has its own

A

mesentery

74
Q

anus transitions epithelium from ____ to ____

A

simple columnar → keratinized squamous epithelium

75
Q

Haustra (pouches) are there because

A

the longitudinal layer of muscularis mucosa has strips that are tense (teniae coli)

76
Q

epiploic appendages

A

fat filled pouches of mesentery

77
Q

2 sphincters in inferior rectum/anal canal

A
  • internal anal sphincter

- external anal sphincter

78
Q

internal anal sphincter is made out of

A

smooth muscle and is part of the circular layer

79
Q

external anal sphincter is made out of

A

skeletal muscle

80
Q

the more distal in the large intestine, the more ____ cells can be found

A

goblet cells (to make mucus to reduce friction from waste)

81
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands

A

parotid gland, sublingual gland, and submandibular gland

82
Q

9 abdominal regions

A

R + L hypochondriac region, epigastric region, R + L lumbar region, umbilical region, R + L iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric (pubic) region

83
Q

top 1/3 of esophagus is _____ muscle, bottom 2/3 is _____ muscle

A

skeletal; smooth

Anatomy (9 decks)

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