General Flashcards
What is the firstline treatment for trigeminal neuralgia?
Carbemapezine
What anticoagulant is used for metallic heart valves?
Warfarin - INR target 3 for aortic valves and 3.5 for mitral
How long before endoscopy should PPI be stopped?
2 weeks
What medication can be considered for severe cyclical mastalgia?
Danazol
What antibiotic is recommended for UTI in 3rd trimester?
Amoxicillin
How long before surgery should you stop taking clopidogrel?
7 Days
What is trousseau’s sign?
Sign of malignancy, also known as migratory thrombophlebilitis, which presents as a tender nodule under the skin.
What is the initial starting dose of levothyroxine for patients with cardiac disease, severe hypothyroidism or patients over 50 compared to everyone else?
25mcg compared to 50mcg then titrated up
What are the electrolyte disturbances seen in Addisons disease?
Hyperkalaemia & hyponatraemia
What is used to decrease the risk of reoccurrence in triple negative breast cancer?
Whole breast radiotherapy
What are the signs of hypocalcaemia?
Chvostek sign - reaction to percussion of the facial nerve in front of the ear lobe and below the zygomatic process. When present we get ipsilateral contraction of the muscles of the face.
perioral and extremity numbness, laryngospasm and arrhythmia
What is Lambert eaton syndrome?
Weakness in muscles of proximal arms and legs
How is time for re scanning AAA organised based on size?
3cm-4.4cm - 12 monthly
4.5-5.4 - 3 monthly
5.5 or above - 2 weeks to discuss treatment options
What C-peptide level do you expect to see with type 1 diabetes?
Low
What id the main ecg change seen in hypercalcaemia?
Short QT interval
What type of heart murmur can be indicated with a pulsating nailbed and what type of murmur?
Aortic regurgitation - early diastolic
What is the treatment for acne vulgaris in pregnancy?
oral erythromycin
What is the treatment for gonorrhoea when patient refuses ceftriaxone injection?
Oral cefixime and oral azithromycin
What medication is used for ligation of varicies after surgery?
Propranolol
What antibiotic is used in transplanted patients for a lung infection?
Co- Tramoxazole
What is the most common type of oesophageal cancer in gord or barents oesophagus patients?
Adenocarcinoma
What head injuries can present weeks after the injury?
Subdural
What cancer is gynaecomastia associated with?
Adenocarcinoma of lung
What antibiotics have an increased risk of intracranial hypertension?
Doxycycline
What antibiotic can affect the achilles tendon?
Ciprofloxacin
What is the most common cardiac problem associated with duchene muscular dystrophy?
Cardiomyopathy
What dementia is associated with MND?
Levy body
What test would help to confirm rheumatic fever?
Anti-streptolysisn O titre
What electrolyte imbalance is seen in legionella ?
Hyponatraemia
What is the best marker to asses if a second MI has occurred within days of a first?
Creatine kinase - they usually return to normal after 2-3 days whereas troponin take longer to come down
What medication toxicity can cause a green/yellow tinge to vision?
Digoxin
What is eczema herpeticum caused by?
HSV1
A lesion at what level will cause finger abduction weakness?
T1
What is the most prognostic marker of paracetamol overdose?
Prothrombin time
What TB drug can cause peripeheral neuropathy?
Isoniazid
What is firstline in minimal change disease?
Prednisolone
What is the immediate treatment/management for subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Nimodipine and blood pressure control
What are the common causes of drug induced lupus?
TB medications - isoniazid
Procainamide, hydralazine, minocycline and phenytoin.
What are ground glass appearances of liver associated with ?
Chronic hep B infection
What is the most common site affected in ischaemic colitis?
Splenic flexure
What test is used for Addisons?
Short synacthen test
What clinical sign is associated with the bp monitor cuff?
Trousseaus
What medication is given if high urinary ACR?
ACE
What type of hearing loss does meningitis cause?
Sensorineural
Why do coeliacs require annual vaccines?
Functional hyposplenism
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?
Inhibits the production of thromboxane A2
What is the most common cause of occupational asthma?
Isocyanates
What type of hernia is superior and medial to the pubic tubercle?
Inguinal
What is the treatment for patients found to be MRSA positive?
Nasal mupirocin and chorhexidine for the skin
What is the first line medication in ocular myasthenia gravis?
Pyridostigmine
What is the treatment of acne in pregnancy?
Erythromycin and topical axelaic acid
What CSF finding will confirm subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Xanthochromia, bilirubin and normal or raised opening pressure
What is a risk of taking fluoxetine in third trimester pregnancy?
Persistent pulmonary hypertension
What electrolyte abnormality is a common complication of subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Hyponatraemia
What is the prognosis of sarcoidosis and treatment?
Most patients get better without treatment
What is the treatment for gastroparesis?
Metoclopramide
What electrolyte abnormality is an indicator for pancreatitis severity?
Hypocalcaemia
What is the most common infective organism in keratitis?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is the mechanism of action of dorzolamide for raised IOP?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
What is the treatment for dry ARMD?
High dose beta-carotene and vitamin c and e
What back pain cause improves with exercise?
Inflammatory back pain - ankylosing spondylitis
What visual field defect is associated with temporal lesions?
Superior quadranopia
What visual field defect is caused by parietal lesions?
Contralateral inferior quadranopia
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
Primary hyperaldosteronism
What is the ratio seen in alcoholic hepatitis?
AST/ALT is 2:1
What CD4 count requires antibiotic prophylaxis?
< 200
What is the mechanism of action of orlistat?
Pancreatic lipase inhibitor
What test is of prognostic value in pancreatitis?
Blood glucose
What condition can cause an isolated rise in haemoglobin?
Polycythaemia rubra vera
What is the cause of kaposis sarcoma?
HHV-8
What antibiotic is given empirically in suspected endocarditis?
IV amoxicillin
What eyesight problems are acute angle closure glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma associated with?
Acute = hypermetropia - long sighted
Primary = myopia - short sighted
What is the uptake seen in nuclear scintigraphy of toxic multi nodular goitre?
Patchy uptake
Where is fibrosis usually seen in TB?
Upper lung zones
What is the management of a patient with mania taking antidepressants?
Stop antidepressant and start antipsychotic
What his a common consequence of subarachnoid haemorrhage?
SIADH
What type of stemi can cause third degree heart block?
Inferior
What is Reynolds pentad?
Charcots triad plus hypotension and confusion
What is the most common organism to cause infective exacerbation of COPD?
Haemophilus influenzae
What scoring system is used to measure disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis?
DAS28
In C difficile infections what pain medication should be withheld?
Opioids
What is the firstline medication in the management of ocular myasthenia gravis?
Pyridostigmine
What ophthalmology condition causes change in colour vision?
Optic neuritis
What medication do you change a doac to in a female thats become pregnant?
LMWH
When should antivirals be given in a pregnant woman with chicken pox exposure and no antibodies?
7-14 days post exposure
What is the name of the yeast infection causing meningitis?
Cryptococcal meningitis
What marker detects severity of c dif infection?
WBC
What bacteria is the most common to cause type 2 necrotising fasciitis?
Strep pyogenes
What type of medication is tamsulosin?
A1 antagonist
What is the most common cause of bacterial otitis media?
H Influenzae
What medication is used to treat an antipsychotic side effect of tar dive dyskinesia?
Tetrabenazine
What is the most appropriate way to diagnose pertussis?
Nasal swab
What is the most common type of non-hodgkin lymphoma?
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
What medication is given in severe alcoholic hepatitis?
Prednisolone
What antibiotics to treat campylobacter?
Azithromycin or clarithromycin
What bacteria causes endocarditis after valve surgery?
Staph epidermidis
What shapes and negatives/positives are the bacteria causing meningitis?
S.Pneumonia = gram positive diplococci
N. Meningitidis = gram negative diplococci
H. Influenzae = gram negative cocobacilli
E.Coli = gram negative bacilli
L. Monocytogenes = gram positive rod
What clinical scenario is associated with a galeazzi fracture seen?
Fall on hand with rotational force - displaced radial fracture, prominent ulnar head due to dislocation of the radio ulnar joint
What do cotton wool spots on the retina represent?
Retinal Neovascularisation
What is a thallium spect scan?
Scan to differentiate between malignant and non-malignant lesions
What nerve root is associated with claw hand and what is the palsy name?
T1 Klumpke’s Palsy
Which cranial nerves are affected by vestibular schwanomas?
5, 7, 8
What s the most common site affected in UC?
Rectum
What can differentiate between graves and an alternative cause of hyperthyroidism?
Diplopia is seen in graves