General Flashcards
List 4 sources of drugs used
Animal products, plant materials, minerals, and synthetic products
What are 4 components of a drug regimen?
Dose
Route of administration
Frequency of administration
Duration of administration
Conditions for valid VCPR
- Vet must assume responsibility for making clinical judgments
- Must have recently seen the animal and know its care
- Must be available for follow-up care
Prescription vs OTC drug
Prescription drug- limited to being ordered by a licensed vet with a valid VCPR
OTC drug- can be purchased by anyone without a prescription
Factors That Influence Drug Absorption
Method of absorption
pH of the drug
Absorptive surface area
Blood supply to the area
Drug solubility
Dosage form
Status of the GI tract
Other drug interactions
6 Items That Must Be Included On The Drug Label
- Drug name(generic and trade)
- Concentration and quantity
- Manufacturers name and address
- Controlled substance status
- Control or lot number
- Expiration date
List 3 classes of drug interactions and their definitions
Pharmacodynamic- what the drug does to the body and how it works
Pharmacokinetic- what the body does to the drug and how it moves in the body
Pharmaceutic- the physical and chemical reaction that tales place as a result of mixing drugs in a syringe
6 Practices For Safe Disposal of Unwanted Drugs
Incinerate when possible
Send to landfill
Never flush
Maintain close inventory control
Follow state and federal guidelines
Educate clients in proper disposal
List 4 common drug preps
Oral administration
Parenteral administration
Topical administration
Inhalation
List 6 Rights of Drug Administration
Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route
Right time and frequency
Right documentation
6 Items That Should Be Recorded In Controlled Substance Log
Date
Owner’s name
Patient’s name
Drug name
Amount dispensed or administered
Names of personnel administering the drug
Antimicrobials
Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
Bacteriostatic
Prevent the organisms replication
Bacteriocidal
Kills the bacteria
List 5 Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis
- Damage the cell membrane
- Inhibition of protein synthesis
- Inhibition of metabolic processes
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
Causes of Antimicrobial Resistance
Overuse
Inappropriate use
Subtherapeutic dosing
Not finishing full course of treatment
Penicillins
Bactericidal
Side effects can include GI upset and possible allergic reaction
Ex. Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxi-Clav
Tetracyclines
Bacteriostatic
Absorption decreased by food, milk products, or antacids
Ex. Doxy, Terramycin
Lincosamides
Broad-spectrum
Ex. Clindamycin, Azithromycin
Quinolones/Fluroquinolones
Bactericidal
Active against gram-negative bacilli and cocci
Should not be used in growing animals
Ex. Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Pradofloxacin
Sulfonamides
Bacteriocidal
Broad spectrum against gram-negative and gram-positive
Ex. SMZ-TMP
4 Classes of Antifungal and examples
Polyene- Amphotericin B
Imidazole- Ketoconazole, Itraconazole
Antimetabolic-Flucytosine
Superficial Agent- Griseofulvin
Antiviral Drug examples
Famciclovir and Lysine
Disinfectant vs Antiseptic
Disinfectant- antimicrobial agents used on inanimate surfaces to destroy microorganisms
Antiseptic- antimicrobial agents used on living tissue to inactive or destroy microorganisms
List 4 Main Categories of Analgesic Drugs
Opioids
NSAIDs
Local anesthetics
Alpha2 Agonists
Opioids
Block transmission of pain signals to the brain
Examples:
Hydromorphone- agonist
Butorphanol- agonists-antagonists
Buprenex- partial agonists
Nalaxone- antagonist
NSAIDs
Treat acute, mild to moderate pain associated with a condition that produces inflammation
Block prostaglandin formation by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase enzymes
Side Effects: GI bleeding and ulcers, can affect the kidneys
NSAID examples
Dogs: carprofen, galliprant, deroxicab, meloxicam
Cats: meloxicam, robenoxicab(onsior)
Local Anesthetics
Completely block the transmission of nociceptors
Useful for small lacerations and diagnosing equine lameness
Ex. Lidocaine, bupivacaine, proparacaine
Alpha2 Agonists
Provide sedation, muscle relaxation, and reduce anxiety
Ex. Xylazine (Anased), Dexmedetomidine, detomidine
Side Effects: bradycardia, hypotension
Misc. Analgesic Agents
Gabapentin- treats neuropathic pain
Tramadol-commonly used in conjunction with NSAIDs, Gabapentin, or Amantidine
Glycosaminoglycosides and chondroprotectives-helps manage degenerative and inflammatory joint disease
-amil
Calcium channel blockers
Ex. Verapamil
-caine
Local anesthetics
Ex. Bupivacaine, lidocaine
-dine
Anti-ulcer agents (H2 histamine blockers)
Ex. Famotidine and ranitidine
