Anti-Infective Drugs

Question 1

Aerobes vs Anaerobes

Answer 1

Aerobes- organisms that can grow in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobes- organisms that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

Question 2

Bactericidal

Answer 2

Agent with the capability to kill bacteria

Question 3

Bacteriostatic

Answer 3

Agent that inhibits the growth or reproduction of bacteria

Question 4

Fungicidal

Answer 4

Agent that kills fungi

Question 5

Fungistatic

Answer 5

Agent that inhibits the growth of fungi

Question 6

List 5 Mechanisms of Action for Antimicrobial Drugs

Answer 6

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Damage to the cell membrane
3. Inhibition of protein synthesis
4. Inhibition of metabolic processes
5. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Question 7

What causes antimicrobial resistance?

Answer 7

Overuse
Inappropriate use
Subtherapeutic dosing
Not finishing full course of treatment

Question 8

Aminocyclitols/Aminoglycosides

Answer 8

Inhibit protein synthesis and only effective against aerobic bacteria

Question 9

Aminocyclitols/Aminoglycosides examples

Answer 9

Gentamycin, Neomycin, Tobramycin

Question 10

Aminocyclitols/Aminoglycosides Contraindications

Answer 10

Do not use in patients with renal insufficiency
Can be ototoxic and nephrotoxic so make sure patient stays hydrated

Question 11

Carbapenems

Answer 11

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Wide range of antibacterial activity
Ex. Ertapenem and Meropenem

Question 12

Cephalosporins

Answer 12

Broad-spectrum
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 13

List 4 Generations of Cephalosporins

Answer 13

Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4

Question 14

Group 1 First-generation

Answer 14

Effective against gram-positive
Ex. Keflex and Cefazolin

Question 15

Group 2 Second-generation

Answer 15

More effective against gram-negative and slightly less effective against gram-positive
Ex. Cefoxitin

Question 16

Group 3 Third-generation

Answer 16

High activity against gram-negative and Pseudomonas
Ex. Cefpodoxime and Convenia

Question 17

Group 4 Fourth-generation

Answer 17

Active against gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli
Ex. Cefepime

Question 18

Macrolides

Answer 18

Bacteriostatic
Treat gram-positive bacteria associated through respiratory disease
Ex. Azithromycin and Erythromycin

Question 19

Penicillins

Answer 19

Bactericidal
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Ex. Chloramphenicol, Oxacillin, and Clavamox

Question 20

Tetracyclines

Answer 20

Bacteriostatic
Ex. Doxycycline

Question 21

Lincosamides

Answer 21

Broad-spectrum
Ex. Clindamycin

Question 22

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

Answer 22

Bactericidal
Active against gram-negative bacilli and cocci
Ex. Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Veraflox
Should not be used in growing animals due to causing cartilage abnormalities

Question 23

Sulfonamides

Answer 23

Bactericidal
Broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
Ex. SMZ-TMP

Question 24

Chloramphenicol

Answer 24

Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic effective against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria

Question 25

Antifungals

Answer 25

Can increase cell membrane permeability and cause secondary metabolic effects and growth inhibition

Question 26

List 4 classes of antifungals

Answer 26

Polyene
Imidazole
Antimetabolic
Superficial Agent

Question 27

Polyene examples

Answer 27

Amphotericin B
Nystatin

Question 28

Imidazole examples

Answer 28

Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Miconazole
Fluconazole

Question 29

Antimetabolic examples

Answer 29

Flucytosine

Question 30

Superficial Agent example

Answer 30

Griseofulvin

Question 31

Antiviral Drug examples

Answer 31

Famciclovir- treat eye infections caused by herpes virus
Lysine- supplement that helps suppress feline herpes