Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
The CRTZ stimulates vomiting when activated by _________
Chemical substances and impulses from the inner ear
List 2 Examples of Centrally Acting Emetics and 2 Examples of Peripherally Acting Emetics
Centrally acting: apomorphine and xylazine
Peripherally acting: hydrogen peroxide and syrup of ipecac
Emetics
Cause vomiting
Useful when noncaustic poisons are ingesested
Emetic Examples
Hydrogen peroxide- causes irritation to the GI tract
Apomorphine and Xylazine- stimulate the CRTZ center
Antiemetics
Prevent or decrease vomiting
Antiemetic Drug Types and Examples
Phenothiazines(Acepromazine)- inhibit the CRTZ center
Metoclopramide- an antiemetic and prokinetic
Serotonin Antagonists(Zofran)- effective for pt receiving chemo or suffering from parvo
NK-1 Receptor Antagonist(Cerenia)- directly block the vomiting reflex
Antihistamines(Benadryl and Meclizine)- prevent motion sickness and emesis and nausea associated with vestibular disease
Causes of Diarrhea
Parasites
Hypersecretion
Increased permeability
Osmotic overload
Altered intestinal motility
Antidiarrheal Medications
Narcotic Analgesics(Diphenoxylate, Loperamide)- increase segmental contractions, decrease intestinal secretions, and increase absorption
Anticholinergics(Isopropamide)- cause hypomotility of the intestines
Protectants/Absorbents(Kao-Pec, Activated Charcoal)- Protectants coat the intestines and help with inflammation while absorbents bind with bacteria and toxins to protect from harm
Laxatives
Relieve constipation and clear the lower GI tract
Laxative Examples
Hypersonic Agents(Lactulose)- draw water into the bowel to soften the stool
Bulk-producing Agents(Metamucil)- increase water content in the stool and stimulate peristalsis
Lubricants(Mineral Oil, Cat-Lax)- make stool passage easier
Stool softeners(Enema)- allow water to penetrate GI contents
Irritants(Bisacodyl)- increase motility and promote fluid accumulation in the large intestine
Antacid/Antiulcer
Reduce the amount of mucosal damage from gastric acid
Antacid/Antiulcer Drug Types and Examples
H2 Receptor Antagonist(Famotidine)- reduce gastric acid production
Proton-Pump Inhibitors(Omeprazole)- inhibit acid secretion
Antacid(Milk of Magnesia, Maalox)- neutralize gastric acid by increasing gastric pH
Synthetic Prostaglandin(Misoprostol)- stimulate mucus and bicarbonate production
Protectants(Sucralfate)- form a protective coating over an ulcer
Prokinetic Agents
Increase gastric motility
Prokinetic Drug Types and Examples
Dopaminergic Antagonist(Metoclopramide)- stimulate gastric motility
Serotonergic(Cisapride)- stimulate motility
Direct Cholinergic(Dexpanthenol)- used in horses to prevent ileus
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors(Ranitidine)- have prokinetic action and reduce gastric secretion
GI Antibiotic
Metronidazole(Flagyl)- treats Giardia and other diarrhea-causing pathogens
