Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundation of Medicine 1 > Gene Regulation and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Gene Regulation and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma

A

Flow of genetic information from DNA towards protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Location of Gene expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes - within cytoplasm
Eukaryotes - from nucleus to cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Codon-Anticodon Base Pairing

A

tRNA anticodons form base pairs with mRNA codons
3 nucleotides - triplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reading frames

A

How a nucleotide sequence is divided up.
Can be read in different ways, hence giving different amino acids
Depends on translation start site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Translation Components (7)

A

Amino acids
tRNAs
Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases
Protein factors
Energy source - ATP/GTP
Ribosome (large and small subunits)
mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A

Bind amino acids to specific tRNA using ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ribosomes - Subunits, Binding sites

A

4 rRNA molecules and protein components
3 binding sites (EPA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Initiation - Translation

A

Requires initiation factors
GTP hydrolysed
Small ribosomal subunit binds to 5’ mRNA end
Start codon - methionine
Large subunit joins assembly and initiator tRNA is located in P site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Elongation - Translation

A

Elongation factor (EF-1a) brings next aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site
GTP hydrolysed, EF released from tRNA
Second elongation factor regenerates EF-1a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Termination - Translation

A

Stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA
No aminoacyl-tRNA base pairs with stop codon
Release factor binds stop codon
FInished protein cleaved off tRNA
Dissociation of RNA molecules (3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Peptide bond formation and translocation

A

Peptidyl transferase catalyses peptide bond formation between amino acids in P and A sites
EF-2 moves ribosome along mRNA
Empty tRNA moves to E site
tRNA with growing peptide moves from A to P site
A site is free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polysome

A

Multiple regions of translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of Mutations (5)

A

Point mutation - change single base

Missense mutation - change in amino acid sequence, change function

Nonsense mutation - new termination codon, change protein length

Silent mutation - no change in amino acid sequence, due to degeneracy, no effect on function

Frameshift mutation - addition/deletion of single base, change reading frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromosomal Mutations (4)

A

Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens with the finished protein? (3)

A

Targeting
Modification
Degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Free and Bound Ribosomes

A

Free Ribosome - cytosol, proteins destined for cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, translocated post-transitionally

Bound RIbosomes - rough ER, proteins destined for membrane, ER, Golgi, secretion, translocated co-translationally

17
Q

Post-Translational Modifications

A

Phosphorylation
Acetylation
Methylation
Glycosylation
Disulphide bridges
Ubiquitinylation

18
Q

BREAK

A
19
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded
Stem loops sometimes
3 classes - rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

20
Q

tRNA

A

Adapters between nucleic acid code and amino acid code
Anticodon
Attach to 3’ end
Cloverleaf structure

21
Q

mRNA

A
22
Q

tRNA

A
23
Q

Transcription

A

RNA polymerase binding
DNA chain separation
Transcription initiation
Elongation
Termination

24
Q

Promoters

A

RNA Polymerase II specific promoter
Transcription = +1
TATA box = -25

25
Q

TATA box binding protein

A

Recognises TATA box
Complex with TFIID (general TF)
Introduces kink into DNA - determines transcriptional start and direction

26
Q

Initiation - Transcription

A

Additional general TFs
Ordered - TFIID/TBP –> TFIIB –> TFIIF + RNA Pol I –> TFIIE + TFIIH
RNA Pol II & TFIIF extend transcript on their own
TFIID remains at pronoter

27
Q

Elongation - Transcription

A

Transcription bubble - one direction
DNA unwound and rewound behind RNA Pol II
5’ to 3’
Complementary to template

28
Q

Termination - Transcription

A

Newly synthesised RNA makes stem-loop structure - followed by Us
RNA cleavage

29
Q

Specific Regulation of Transcription

A

Specific TFs –> DNA-binding proteins (2 functional domains)

Enhancers & Silencers - long stretches of DNA between binding site and transcription complex

30
Q

Coordinated Gene Expression

A

Specific stimuli
Regulatory protein
Bind to Response elements of multiple genes
Produce different proteins

31
Q

Steroid Receptors

A

Family of TFs
Domains - DNA-binding and ligand-binding
Ligand binding –> Move to nucleus –> Bind to SREs

32
Q

Glucocorticoid Receptor

A

Steroids transported in blood
Free steroids bind to steroid receptor –> Receptor translocates to nucleus –> Binds to response elements –> Coordination regulation

33
Q

Exons and Introns

A

Exons = Coding Regions
Introns = Non-coding Regions
Transcribed together
Introns removed (splicing)

34
Q

Ends of mRNAs

A

5’cap
Poly(A) tail

Foundation of Medicine 1 (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions