Bones Flashcards
Development of Bone
Endochondral Ossification
- Process where initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies to bone (i.e. long bones)
When growth plate of hyaline cartilage ossifies, bone growth stops
Structure of Bone
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Growth Plate
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal Growth Plate
Epiphysis
Outer cortex –> Cortical Bone (dense, strong, heavy)
Inner Medulla –> Trabecular Bone (Porous, weaker, lighter), Bone marrow (maybe site of RBC/WBC production)
Periosteum
Fibrous CT sleeve
Vascularised
Innervated
Nutrient Vessel
Artery and Vein - carry blood to/from medullary cavity
Bone features
Develop during bone growth
Functional (genetic) - best shape for job
An adjacent sturcture applies a force to a developing bone
An adjacent structure is developing at same time as the bone
Skull Bony Features
Fossae
- Floor of cranial cavity
- 3 types –> Anterior, Middle, Posterior
Brain development moulded into the floor into 3 fossae
Foramina (hole) - for cranial nerves and blood vessels into/out the cranial cavity
Fracture and fracture healing
Bone –> TRAUMA –> Fracture –> Callus of new bone around fracture line –> Callus remodelling –> Healed Bone (maybe different shape)
Skeleton
Axial Skeleton –> Skull, Neck, Trunk
Appendicular Skeleton –> Pectoral Girdle, Upper limbs, Pelvic Girdle –> Lower Limbs
Skull
Neurocranium –> Bones of cranial vault
Viscerocranium –> Bones of facial skeleton
Bones of Cranial Vault –> Frontal bone, Sphenoid bone, Parietal bone, Occipital bone, Temporal bone
Base of Skull –> Frontal bone, Ethmoid bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone, Occipital bone
Bones of Facial Skeleton –> Nasal bone, Zygomatic bone, Inferior Nasal Concha, Maxilla bone, Mandible bone, Vomer Bone, Lacrimal bone, Platine bone
Vertebral Column
33 vertebrae
- C1-7
- T1-12
- L1-5
- S1-5 (fused)
- C1-4 (fused)
Larger as they bear more weight and get smaller after weight transferred to hip bones
Curvatures of Vertebral Column
Primary - Thoracic & Sacral/Coccyx
Secondary - Cervical & Lumbar
Typical Vertebra
Spinous Process - ligament & muscle attachment
Transverse processes - ligament, muscle, rib articulation
Inferior Articular processes
Superior Articular processes
Vertebral foramen - transmits and protects spinal cord
Vertebral arch - pedicle and lamina that protect spinal cord
Intervertebral Foraminae
Between adjacent vertebrae
Spinal nerves emerge through these
Facet Joint
Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae
Affected by arthritis
Cervical Vertebrae
All have a foramen in each transverse process - for arteries
C1 - Atlas
- No body or spinous process
- Posterior and Anterior arch
C2 - Axis
- Odontoid process which projects superiorly from body
C7 - Vertebrae prominens
Bones of Chest and Back
Ribs
- 12 pairs of ribs (True 1-7, False 8-10, Floating 11-12)
Rib 1 protected by clavicle
Ribs 1-10 attach to sternum via costal cartilage
Pectoral Girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
Pelvic Girdle
2 Hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Upper Limb
Arm
- Humerus
Forearm
- Radius (L) & Ulna (M)
Hand
- Carpals (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Humate)
- Metacarpals (Head, Shaft, Base)
- Phalanges (Proximal, Middle, Distal)
Lower Limb
Thigh
- Femur
Leg
- Tibia (M), Fibula (L)
Foot
- Tarsals (Medial/Intermediate/Lateral Cuneiforms, Cuboid, Navicular, Talus, Calcaneus)
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges (Proximal, Middle, Distal)
Bones and Cartilage
Bone
- Hard CT
- Functions (support & protection of organs, calcium metabolism, RBC formation, attachment of skeletal muscle)
Cartilage
- Less rigid
- Located where mobility is requires at articulations
Joints
- Movement of skeleton occurs at joints
