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Biological&Chemical Systems > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

Encoding protein

A

Structural genes

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2
Q

Encoding products that interact with other sequences and affect the transcription and translation of these sequences

A

Regulatory genes

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3
Q

DNA sequences that are not transcribes but play a role in regulating other nucleotide sequences

A

Regulatory elements

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4
Q

Regulation of gene expression occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

Gene expression is regulated primarily at …..

A

Transcriptional level

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6
Q

Gene regulation occurs at the epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translation and post-translational level

A

Eukaryotic

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7
Q

Continuously expressed under normal cellular conditions

A

Constitutive expression

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8
Q

Positive control

A

Stimulate gene expression

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9
Q

Negative control

A

Inhibit gene expression

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10
Q

Gene regulation is through…..

A

Chemical modification of chromatin/histone

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11
Q

During transcription, gene regulation occurs through…

A

Transcription, RNA processing and translation

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12
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is package as…

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

Proteins that carry out transcription cannot access the DNA due to..

A

Chromatin being coiled

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14
Q

Chromatin unravel to allow space for….

A

Transcriptional enzymes and proteins

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15
Q

During chromatin remodelling, the nucleosomes are….

A

Repositioned to expose different stretches of DNA

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16
Q

Remodelling can be due to chemical modification of ….

A

Histone tails

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17
Q

Individual amino acids can be modified by the addition/removal of

A

Methyl and acetyl

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18
Q

CpG is…

A

Addition of methyl group to cytosine in DNA

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19
Q

CpG sites are often …. and near the …..

A

Clustered

Promoter region

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20
Q

Methylation can …. over time or due to ….. response

A

Change

Environmental

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21
Q

Heavy methylated CpG

A

Inhibits transcription

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22
Q

Undermethylated CpG

A

Allows transcription

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23
Q

Changes to the manner in which DNA is packaged, causing changes in gene expression

A

Epigenetic effects

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24
Q

Th dosage of genes is twice as great in remains as it is in males

A

Genes on X chromosome

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25
Q

Level of expression of X-linked genes is…. in both sexes

A

Equal

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26
Q

Differential regulation is called…

A

Dosage compensation

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27
Q

Inactivation of one X chromosome in each female cell

A

X-inactivation

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28
Q

X-inactivation occurs at…

A

The time of implantation in the uterine wall

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29
Q

The Xist non-coding RNA binds with the…

A

X-inactivation centre (XIC)

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30
Q

Transcription of Xist contributes and the X-inactivation becomes coated with….

A

Xist RNA

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31
Q

As transcription continues, the entire chromosome becomes coated with …… and triggers …… therefore ……..

A

Xist RNA
Methylation
Transcription reduced

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32
Q

Regulatory transcription factors bind at…. and the general transcription factors bind at ….

A

Enhancer sequences

Promoter region

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33
Q

General transcription factors can recruit…

A

RNA Polymerase complex

34
Q

Transcription only takes place when all the regulatory transcription factors are…

A

Present and working together

35
Q

Some regulatory transcription factors bind to silencers and ….

A

Repress transcription factors

36
Q

Gene with multiple silencers and enhancers dependent on combination of regulatory transcription factors

A

Combinatorial control

37
Q

Adenosine——>

Deamination

A

Inosine

38
Q

Cytosine ——>

Deamination

A

Uracil

39
Q

Regulates by either binding to transcript and blocking translation, binding to transcript and causing degradation

A

Small Regulatory RNA

40
Q

RNAs fold back on itself to form a …

A

Hairpin structure

41
Q

Enzymes recognise mRNA and cleave the stems of hairpin leaving …

A

Small, double stranded fragments

42
Q

How many strands incorporated into protein complex (RISC)?

A

One

43
Q

What targets a region or mRNA?

A

RISC

44
Q

Does small regulatory RNA inhibit or allow translation?

A

Inhibit

45
Q

Degradation of RNA transcript caused by…

A

Target mRNA cleaved by RISC

46
Q

Post-translational modification is important because…

A

Some proteins are dangerous

47
Q

Translation machinery

A

5’ cap

48
Q

Proteins bind

A

5’ UTR

49
Q

Specific proteins bind

A

3’ UTR

50
Q

Translation inhibited post-translational level by?

A

Poly(A)

51
Q

Proteins are modified by the addition of one or more …… to side chains of amino acids.
A reversible addition of ….. to side chains
Marking proteins for ….. by addition of chemical groups

A

Sugar molecules
Phosphate groups
Enzymatic destruction

52
Q

Activator protein binds to DNA for transcription to take place
When activator protein is not present or able to bind to DNA, transcription does not occur

A

Positive regulation in prokaryotes

53
Q

A regulatory molecule binds DNA in order for transcription to be prevented
RNA polymerase cannot be recruited so no transcription

A

Negative regulation

54
Q

Region of DNA that includes the coding sequence for multiple genes that get transcribed together into a single molecule of mRNA

A

Operon

55
Q

Gene for B-galactosidase

Lactose —-> glucose and galactose

A

Lac Z

56
Q

Gene for lactose permase

Transports lactose from external medium into cell

A

Lac Y

57
Q

During regulation of the lac operon is the ….. which encodes for …..

A

Lacl gene

Repressor protein

58
Q

Repressor binds with the operator, the RNA polymerase complex is not recruited and transcription does not take place

A

Absence of lactose

59
Q

Acts as an inducer because it prevents binding of repressor protein

A

Lactose

60
Q

Lactose causes ….. to be produced

A

Allolactose

61
Q

Lacl mutants do not produce functional repressor therefore….

A

Lac Z and Lac Y are expressed in presence and absence of lactose

62
Q

Two copies of operon are…

A

Wild

Mutation

63
Q

CRP-cAMP complex is a …. regulator of the lac operon

A

Positive

64
Q

CRP-cAMP is more sensitive to the ….. needs than ….

A

Nutritional

Lactose

65
Q

cAMP levels are high
cAMP binds to CRP
CRP to DNA
Transcription activates

A

Absence of glucose

66
Q

Lactose operon is induced when ….

A

Lactose is present

67
Q

Lactose operon is not transcribed, even in present of cAMP-CRP

A

Lactose not present

68
Q

cAMP levels are low
CAMP-CRP does not form
CRP does not bind to lactose operon

A

Presence of glucose

69
Q

…… utilises glucose when both glucose and lactose are present

A

E.Coli

70
Q

Occurs in normal cells in good condition
Virus uses cellular machinery of host to produce viral proteins
Host cell bursts

A

Lytic pathway

71
Q

Takes place in cells in poor conditions
Bacteriophage DNA undergo a process of recombination at specific sites
Enlarged bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cell

A

Lysogenic pathway

72
Q

Predominance of cro protein

A

Lytic

73
Q

Predominance of cl protein

A

Lysogenic

74
Q

In prokaryotic cells, activators and repressor ….. and ….. transcription rates

A

Increase

Decrease

75
Q

Controls access to DNA sequences

A

Nucleosome spacing

76
Q

Access to DNA is controlled by

A

Histone modification

77
Q

RNA splicing removes ….

A

Introns

78
Q

Untranslated regions maintain

A

RNA stability

79
Q

Proteins can be recycled after being tagged with ….

A

Ubiquitin

80
Q

Described as a disease of altered gene expression

A

Cancer

Biological&Chemical Systems (18 decks)

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