Gene Expression Flashcards
What characteristics of life do cells show?
Complexity and organization, harnessing material and energy from the environment, responding to signals in the environment, ability to reproduce, use DNA to store and transmit data
Transformation is defined as …
The transfer of biological characteristics form one cell to another
Define virulent:
The ability to infect and harm an organism
RNase destroys …
RNA
Protease destroys …
Proteins
DNase destroys
DNA
Genotype is the …
Genetic information
Phenotype is the …
Observable traits
The four types of nucleotides in DNA are …
A, C, T, and G
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Template for _________ _________ transcription
DNA, nucleic acid (DNA)
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Product of _________ _________ transcription
RNA, nucleic acid (RNA)
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Enzyme that carries _________ _________ out transcription
RNA, polymerase Protein
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Sequence that
indicates where
transcription starts
_________ _________
Promoter, nucleic acid (DNA)
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Sequence that
indicates where
transcription ends
_________ _________
Terminator, Nucleic acid (DNA)
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
DNA-binding
molecules that help
control when
transcription of a
gene will occur
_________ _________
Transcription factor, protein
In transcription, information in ________ is used to make ________. Transcription is carried out by _________.
DNA, RNA, RNA polymerases
In translation, information in ________ is used to make a ________. Translation is carried out by the ________.
RNA, Protein, Ribosome
The sequences in the genetic code table correspond to ________ in the mRNA.
Amino acids
Start codon: ________
AUG
Stop codons: ________
UAA,UAG,UGA
What kind of covalent bond links amino acids together in a polypeptide sequence?
Peptide
What class of macromolecule is a tRNA?
Nucleic acid
In the ribosome, tRNA molecules interact with ________ (type of molecule) using ________.
Amino acids, hydrogen bonds
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases:
Help attach amino acids to uncharged tRNAs
Only a ________ tRNA can be used in translation.
uncharged
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Contains codons
to be translated
_________ _________
mRNA, Nucleic acid (RNA)
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Contains an
anticodon and
carries the amino
acid to the ribosome
_________ _________
tRNA, Nucleic acid (RNA)
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
_________ _________
Ribosome, nucleic acid (RNA) + protein
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Attaches the correct
amino acid to
the tRNA
_________ _________
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, protein
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
When a stop codon
is reached, causes
the polypeptide
to release from
the tRNA to end
translation
_________ _________
Release factor, protein
Name of Macromolecular class of Function in
molecule molecule(protein, lipid, transcription
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
The product of
translation
_________ _________
Polypeptide, protein
The sequence of amino acid is determined by …
DNA
Amino acids are joined by …
peptide bonds
In the ribosome, tRNA molecule interact with ___________ (type of molecule) using ___________ (type of intermolecular force).
mRNA codons, hydrogen bonding interactions
If a tRNA molecule has the sequence 3’-GUU-5’, the mRNA codon this tRNA could bind to is __________ and the amino acid the tRNA would carry is _________ because …
5’-CAA-3’, Gin, in the genetic code table, 5’-CAA-3’ corresponds to Gin
In protein folding the primary structure is the sequence of …
Amino acids
The secondary structure results from interactions of nearby …
Amino acids
In protein folding secondary structures form when __________ occur between atoms that are part of the __________ in different regions of protein (not R groups).
Hydrogen bonds, polypeptide backbone
Interaction between R groups in a polypeptide lead to the _________ in protein.
Tertiary structure
_________:
- Can contain multiple secondary structures
- Functional form of the protein
Tertiary structure
_________ determine the shape of the 3D protein.
Intramolecular
DNA is the material within the …
Chromosome
Chromosome:
Structures of genetic material
Centromere:
A structure that is typically found near the middle of the chromosome and plays a key role in cell division.
Gene:
Specific DNA sequences in chromosomes
Template strand:
The DNA sequence that can duplicate itself during mRNA synthesis
Codon:
A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Location of transcription in each cell type:
1. Eukaryotes:
2. Prokaryotes (bacteria):
Nucleus, cytosol
