Gene expression Flashcards

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1
Q

3’ poly-A tail

A

A chain of adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of pre-mRNA during RNA processing. It makes the RNA molecule more stable and prevents its degradation.

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2
Q

5’ methyl-G cap

A

A molecule added to the 5’ end of pre-mRNA during RNA processing. It makes the RNA molecule more stable and prevents its degradation. It also helps the ribosome attach to the mRNA.

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3
Q

Activator protein

A

A protein coded for by a regulatory gene that increases gene expression.

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4
Q

Alternative splicing (gene expression)

A

The functional group on amino acid molecules that is made up of one nitrogen and two hydrogens (NH2)

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5
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that recognises a specific sequence of three nucleotides (codon) on an mRNA strand.

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6
Q

antiparallel - DNA

A

A characteristic of DNA strands describing
how each strand runs in an opposite direction to the other. One strand runs in a 3’ → 5’ direction and the other runs in a 5’ → 3’ direction.

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7
Q

Coding strand

A

The strand of DNA not transcribed by RNA polymerase, contains an identical sequence to the mRNA strand produced (except thymine is replaced with uracil in mRNA).

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8
Q

Codon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA coding for one amino acid.

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9
Q

Degenerate

A

A property of the genetic code which means that a single amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon.

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10
Q

Exons

A

Regions of DNA that code for proteins and are not spliced out during RNA processing

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11
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that carries the code to make a specific protein or RNA product.

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12
Q

Gene expression

A

The process of reading the information stored within a gene to create a functional product, typically a protein.

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13
Q

Genetic code

A

The set of rules by which information is encoded in genetic material.

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14
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of DNA housed within an organism.

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15
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding regions of DNA that do not code for proteins. They are spliced out during RNA processing.

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16
Q

Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA

A

the immediate product of transcription of a DNA sequence. Requires modifications before it can undergo translation.

17
Q

Promoter

A

The sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds.

18
Q

Reading frame

A

The order in which nucleotide triplets or codons are divided into a consecutive, non-overlapping sequence.

19
Q

RNA polymerase

A

the enzyme responsible for constructing a pre-mRNA sequence from a DNA sequence during transcription.

20
Q

Spliceosome

A

The enzyme that removes introns from the pre-mRNA molecule and joins exons together during RNA processing.

21
Q

Splicing

A

Process where introns are cut out of a pre-mRNA molecule, and exons are joined together.

22
Q

Start codon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that signals the start of translation.

23
Q

Stop codon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that signals the end of translation.

24
Q

TATA box

A

A type of promoter region.

25
Q

Template strand

A

The strand of DNA transcribed by RNA polymerase to produce a complementary pre-mRNA strand.

26
Q

Termination sequence - gene expression

A

A sequence of DNA that signals the end of transcription.

27
Q

Transcription

A

The process whereby a sequence of DNA is used as a template to produce a complementary sequence of mRNA.

28
Q

Transcription factor

A

Proteins that bind to the promoter region and control the functioning of RNA polymerase.

29
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

RNA that recognises specific codons on the mRNA strand and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.

30
Q

Translation

A

The process where an mRNA sequence is read to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence to build a polypeptide.

31
Q

Triplet

A

The sequence of three nucleotides in DNA coding for one amino acid.