Gene Expression Flashcards
What are the two main stages of gene expression?
transcription and translation
How many of the genes in a cell are expressed?
a) All of them
b) Most of them
c) A fraction of them
d) None of them
c) A fraction of them
Name the 3 types of RNA involved in transcription and translation.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
How many strands does RNA have?
one
Name the 3 things that make up an RNA nucleotide.
ribose sugar, phosphate and base
Name the 4 bases found in RNA.
guanine, cytosine, adenine and uracil
Which base is NOT found in RNA?
thymine
Which base replaces thymine in RNA?
uracil (U)
How many bases make up a codon?
3
On which molecule do you find codons?
mRNA
What does the ‘m’ in mRNA stand for?
messenger
Where does mRNA travel from and to?
nucleus to the ribosomes
What does a codon code for?
one amino acid
What name is given to 3 bases on the tRNA?
anticodon
What does the tRNA carry to the ribosome?
a specific amino acid
Name the 2 things that form the ribosome.
rRNA and proteins
What does the ‘r’ stand for in rRNA?
ribosomal
Name the enzyme involved in transcription.
RNA polymerase
What unwinds the DNA?
RNA polymerase
Name the bonds broken between the bases of DNA.
hydrogen
What breaks the bonds between the bases of DNA?
RNA polymerase
What synthesises the primary transcript of mRNA?
RNA polymerase
What does RNA polymerase use to synthesise the primary transcript?
RNA nucleotides
What is the RNA base pairing for G on the DNA?
C
What is the RNA base pairing for C on the DNA?
G
What is the RNA base pairing for T on the DNA?
A
What is the RNA base pairing for A on the DNA?
U (don’t tell me you said T?!)
numpty
a stupid or ineffectual person.
“confused numpties who have little idea of what they’re talking about”
Name the base beginning with U in RNA.
uracil
What process converts the primary transcript into the mature transcript?
RNA splicing
Where does RNA splicing take place?
nucleus
What is the primary transcript made up of?
introns and exons
What is the mature transcript made up of?
exons
What are INtrons?
non-coding regions (IN the bIN)
What are EXons?
regions that are EXpressed, coding regions
What happens to the order of the exons during splicing?
The order remains unchanged
Where does translation take place?
ribosomes
Which molecule is translated into a polypeptide?
mRNA
Where on the mRNA does translation begin?
start codon
Where on the mRNA does translation end?
stop codon
What do anticodons bond to?
codons
What do codons bond to?
anticodons
What bond joins the amino acids together?
peptide
Once two amino acids are joined together, what happens to the first tRNA molecule?
It leaves the ribosome
What do we call a long chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds?
A polypeptide
Name the process that results in different proteins being expressed from one gene.
alternative RNA splicing
How can different mature transcripts be obtained from the same primary transcript?
It depends on which exons are retained
What must happen to the polypeptide chain for it to become a protein?
folded into a 3-D shape
What holds the 3-D shape of the protein in place?
hydrogen bonds and interactions between amino acids
What determines an individual’s phenotype?
proteins produced as a result of gene expression
