Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main stages of gene expression?

A

transcription and translation

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2
Q

How many of the genes in a cell are expressed?

a) All of them
b) Most of them
c) A fraction of them
d) None of them

A

c) A fraction of them

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3
Q

Name the 3 types of RNA involved in transcription and translation.

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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4
Q

How many strands does RNA have?

A

one

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5
Q

Name the 3 things that make up an RNA nucleotide.

A

ribose sugar, phosphate and base

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6
Q

Name the 4 bases found in RNA.

A

guanine, cytosine, adenine and uracil

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7
Q

Which base is NOT found in RNA?

A

thymine

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8
Q

Which base replaces thymine in RNA?

A

uracil (U)

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9
Q

How many bases make up a codon?

A

3

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10
Q

On which molecule do you find codons?

A

mRNA

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11
Q

What does the ‘m’ in mRNA stand for?

A

messenger

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12
Q

Where does mRNA travel from and to?

A

nucleus to the ribosomes

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13
Q

What does a codon code for?

A

one amino acid

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14
Q

What name is given to 3 bases on the tRNA?

A

anticodon

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15
Q

What does the tRNA carry to the ribosome?

A

a specific amino acid

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16
Q

Name the 2 things that form the ribosome.

A

rRNA and proteins

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17
Q

What does the ‘r’ stand for in rRNA?

A

ribosomal

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18
Q

Name the enzyme involved in transcription.

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

What unwinds the DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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20
Q

Name the bonds broken between the bases of DNA.

21
Q

What breaks the bonds between the bases of DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

22
Q

What synthesises the primary transcript of mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

23
Q

What does RNA polymerase use to synthesise the primary transcript?

A

RNA nucleotides

24
Q

What is the RNA base pairing for G on the DNA?

25
What is the RNA base pairing for C on the DNA?
G
26
What is the RNA base pairing for T on the DNA?
A
27
What is the RNA base pairing for A on the DNA?
U (don't tell me you said T?!) numpty a stupid or ineffectual person. "confused numpties who have little idea of what they're talking about"
28
Name the base beginning with U in RNA.
uracil
29
What process converts the primary transcript into the mature transcript?
RNA splicing
30
Where does RNA splicing take place?
nucleus
31
What is the primary transcript made up of?
introns and exons
32
What is the mature transcript made up of?
exons
33
What are INtrons?
non-coding regions (IN the bIN)
34
What are EXons?
regions that are EXpressed, coding regions
35
What happens to the order of the exons during splicing?
The order remains unchanged
36
Where does translation take place?
ribosomes
37
Which molecule is translated into a polypeptide?
mRNA
38
Where on the mRNA does translation begin?
start codon
39
Where on the mRNA does translation end?
stop codon
40
What do anticodons bond to?
codons
41
What do codons bond to?
anticodons
42
What bond joins the amino acids together?
peptide
43
Once two amino acids are joined together, what happens to the first tRNA molecule?
It leaves the ribosome
44
What do we call a long chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds?
A polypeptide
45
Name the process that results in different proteins being expressed from one gene.
alternative RNA splicing
46
How can different mature transcripts be obtained from the same primary transcript?
It depends on which exons are retained
47
What must happen to the polypeptide chain for it to become a protein?
folded into a 3-D shape
48
What holds the 3-D shape of the protein in place?
hydrogen bonds and interactions between amino acids
49
What determines an individual's phenotype?
proteins produced as a result of gene expression