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Higher Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the first stage of respiration.

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the substrate of glycolysis?

A

glucose

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4
Q

What term is used to describe adding a phosphate to a molecule?

A

Phosphorylation

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5
Q

How many ATP are required during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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6
Q

What two things are phosphorylated during the energy investment phase?

A

glucose and intermediates

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7
Q

How much ATP is produced during the energy pay-off phase of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP

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8
Q

What is the NET gain of ATP during glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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9
Q

Name the enzymes that remove hydrogen ions and high energy electrons.

A

Dehydrogenase enzymes

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10
Q

What are the hydrogen ions and high energy electrons passed onto and what does that form?

A

NAD to form NADH

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11
Q

Where are the hydrogen ions and high energy electrons taken to by the NADs?

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria for the electron transport chain

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12
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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13
Q

How many carbon molecules are in pyruvate?

A

3C

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14
Q

What 2C molecule is pyruvate broken down into?

A

acetyl group

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15
Q

What is added to the acetyl groups and what is formed?

A

coenzyme A forming acetyl coA

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16
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

The matrix of the mitochondria

17
Q

Name the 4C molecule that acetyl coA joins onto?

A

oxaloacetate

18
Q

What is formed when oxaloacetate joins with acetyl coA?

A

citrate

19
Q

How many carbon molecules does citrate have?

A

6C

20
Q

What controls the breakdown of citrate back into oxaloacetate?

A

enzymes

21
Q

What waste product is released during the citric acid cycle?

A

carbon dioxide

22
Q

What useful substance is produced in small amounts during the citric acid cycle?

A

ATP

23
Q

What do dehydrogenase enzymes remove and pass to coenzyme NAD during the citric acid cycle?

A

Hydrogen ions and high energy electrons

24
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria

25
Q

What is released as the electrons move along the electron transport chain?

A

energy

26
Q

What are passed along the electron transport chain? (clue in the name)

A

high energy electrons

27
Q

What is the energy from the electrons used for?

A

To pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria

28
Q

How do these ions flow back through the membrane?

A

Through ATP synthase

29
Q

What does the ATP synthase do as the hydrogen ions flow through?

A

It rotates and generates many molecules of ATP

30
Q

What is the final hydrogen acceptor?

A

Oxygen

31
Q

What is formed when oxygen, low energy electrons and hydrogen ions combine?

A

Water

32
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Respiration in the absence of oxygen

33
Q

In animals, what is pyruvate converted into during fermentation?

A

lactate

34
Q

Is fermentation in animals reversible or not?

A

reversible

35
Q

In plants and yeast, what is pyruvate converted into during fermentation?

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

36
Q

Is fermentation in plants and yeast reversible or not?

A

not

37
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

A

2ATP compared to 38ATP (from one molecule of glucose)

Higher Biology (24 decks)

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