Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Name the first stage of respiration.
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
cytoplasm
What is the substrate of glycolysis?
glucose
What term is used to describe adding a phosphate to a molecule?
Phosphorylation
How many ATP are required during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
2 ATP
What two things are phosphorylated during the energy investment phase?
glucose and intermediates
How much ATP is produced during the energy pay-off phase of glycolysis?
4 ATP
What is the NET gain of ATP during glycolysis?
2 ATP
Name the enzymes that remove hydrogen ions and high energy electrons.
Dehydrogenase enzymes
What are the hydrogen ions and high energy electrons passed onto and what does that form?
NAD to form NADH
Where are the hydrogen ions and high energy electrons taken to by the NADs?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria for the electron transport chain
What is the end product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
How many carbon molecules are in pyruvate?
3C
What 2C molecule is pyruvate broken down into?
acetyl group
What is added to the acetyl groups and what is formed?
coenzyme A forming acetyl coA
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
The matrix of the mitochondria
Name the 4C molecule that acetyl coA joins onto?
oxaloacetate
What is formed when oxaloacetate joins with acetyl coA?
citrate
How many carbon molecules does citrate have?
6C
What controls the breakdown of citrate back into oxaloacetate?
enzymes
What waste product is released during the citric acid cycle?
carbon dioxide
What useful substance is produced in small amounts during the citric acid cycle?
ATP
What do dehydrogenase enzymes remove and pass to coenzyme NAD during the citric acid cycle?
Hydrogen ions and high energy electrons
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is released as the electrons move along the electron transport chain?
energy
What are passed along the electron transport chain? (clue in the name)
high energy electrons
What is the energy from the electrons used for?
To pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria
How do these ions flow back through the membrane?
Through ATP synthase
What does the ATP synthase do as the hydrogen ions flow through?
It rotates and generates many molecules of ATP
What is the final hydrogen acceptor?
Oxygen
What is formed when oxygen, low energy electrons and hydrogen ions combine?
Water
What is fermentation?
Respiration in the absence of oxygen
In animals, what is pyruvate converted into during fermentation?
lactate
Is fermentation in animals reversible or not?
reversible
In plants and yeast, what is pyruvate converted into during fermentation?
ethanol and carbon dioxide
Is fermentation in plants and yeast reversible or not?
not
How many molecules of ATP are produced in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
2ATP compared to 38ATP (from one molecule of glucose)
